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    资管纠纷:嵌套中的权利虚化与重叠
    2019-07-16

    一、嵌套的本质:收益权的收益权

    嵌套,根据资管新规第二十二条和第二十七条的表述,是指甲资管产品投资乙资管产品的份额。即通过一项资产所设立的产品成为了另外一个产品投资的对象,形成了产品之中还包含产品的现象。

    资产端的嵌套的本质上是以收益权为中心的权利虚化与重叠。试看下述两例:

    图一

    (2016)最高法民终215号案(下称“215号案”,见图一)中,定向资管计划从某投资公司受让了私募债券的收益权,而某银行又从定向资管计划受让了该资管计划的收益权,即“私募债券收益权的收益权”。其中,“私募债券收益权”是在“私募债券”这一概念中分离和抽象出来的虚化标的,“私募债券收益权的收益权”则是在“私募债券收益权”基础上进一步抽象出来的虚化标的,构成 “二重虚化的合同标的”。该案中的多层嵌套结构,如我们之前在《“收益权”创制问题的旧题新解》中分析,本质上就是以高度重合的标的进行的叠加式融资交易。

    图二

    Filed under:
    China, Company & Commercial, Insolvency & Restructuring, Litigation, Private Client & Offshore Services, King & Wood Mallesons
    Location:
    China
    Firm:
    King & Wood Mallesons
    我国个人破产制度的立法动态及问题前瞻
    2019-07-29

    我国个人破产制度已经提上日程,获得了包括最高法在内的国家机关的关注,理论界也在密集研究。作为一项“给诚实而不幸的人重生的机会”的制度,该制度有利于保护企业家创业创新的精神。同时,该制度对于金融信贷领域,乃至国家社会经济生活都会产生巨大的影响,环球争议解决团队将及时跟进研究,更新解读最新研究成果。

    一、我国个人破产制度的最新立法动态

    2006年8月27日,第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会通过的《中华人民共和国企业破产法》是我国现行破产法,该法适用范围限定为企业法人,包括国有企业法人和承担有限责任的其他企业法人。也就是说,目前,中国的破产法只涉及到企业破产,并没有提到自然人破产。

    该法实施以来,围绕我国是否应该建立个人破产制度理论与实务界一直存在较大争议,出于谨慎考虑,个人破产制度被视为“短期内难以实施”的制度。但随着社会经济形势的发展,建立我国个人破产制度的呼声越来越高,民间的以及官方的研究与推进力度越来越大,尤其是今年以来热度更高,个人破产制度值得关注。

    Filed under:
    China, Insolvency & Restructuring, Global Law Office, People's Bank of China, National Development and Reform Commission
    Location:
    China
    Firm:
    Global Law Office
    公司经营在美国
    2019-07-31

    美国是世界上最容易开展业务的司法管辖区之一1。监管壁垒总体较低,建立分支机构或业务实体方 便快捷,相比其他多数发达经济体,劳动就业法律对雇主更为友好,并且法律体系发达、透明。然 而,在美国进行投资或设立业务之前,仍有若干准入壁垒及营商挑战需要考虑。 本刊将简要介绍可能限制非美国人进入美国市场或在美国设立业务后开展业务能力的贸易管制问题, 以及对外国投资者而言极其重要的公司、商事、劳动就业、移民、知识产权、反洗钱、反垄断、出 口管制、反腐败、责任、破产等法律及实践。本刊并非综合性指南,仅对投资者需要考虑及与法律 顾问商讨的一些重要问题加以概述。 

    Filed under:
    China, USA, Company & Commercial, Competition & Antitrust, Copyrights, Corporate Finance/M&A, Designs and trade secrets, Employment & Labor, Immigration, Insolvency & Restructuring, Litigation, Patents, Tax, Trade & Customs, Trademarks, White Collar Crime, Hogan Lovells, Foreign direct investment, Money laundering, NAFTA, Export Administration Regulations (USA), USMCA
    Location:
    China, USA
    Firm:
    Hogan Lovells
    司法趋势:公司资本充足制度渐见宽松
    2019-07-31

    公司资本充足是指股东实缴的出资与公司的经营规模相适应,以确保公司有充足的资本应对经营风险、偿付到期债务,与之相匹配的法律规范就是公司资本充足制度。近年来,随着市场经济的发展,立法机关改变了法定资本制的立场,在司法实践中,公司资本充足制度也呈现出渐见宽松的趋势。

    一、《公司法》多次修改公司资本制度,大幅放宽了资本管制

    1993年12月颁行的《公司法》采取了严格的法定资本制度。

    2005年10月修订的《公司法》在保持法定资本制度的同时,降低了设立公司的资本门槛,将严格的法定资本制度修改为法定资本分期缴纳的资本制度。

    2013年12月修正的《公司法》大幅修改了公司资本制度,将实缴登记制改为认缴登记制(特殊行业除外),取消了注册资本的最低限额、分期认缴期限、首付出资比例及出资财产形式的限制等规定,改由股东在公司章程中自行约定,基本完成从法定资本制到授权资本制的转变。

    2018年10月修改的《公司法》增加了允许上市公司回购本公司股份的情形,并实际上赋予上市公司回购股份的自主决定权(“上市公司为维护公司价值及股东权益所必需”),还简化了股份回购的决策程序,提高了公司持有本公司股份的数额上限,延长了公司持有所回购股份的期限。

    Filed under:
    China, Company & Commercial, Insolvency & Restructuring, Leisure & Tourism, Litigation, King & Wood Mallesons, Gambling
    Authors:
    Lei Jiping
    Location:
    China
    Firm:
    King & Wood Mallesons
    金杜资管法律主题月丨大资管问答(三)
    2018-06-15

    (12) 信托计划中受托人对股权投资应当如何进行管理?

    实践中,信托计划受托人取得股权主要基于两种情形,一是基于受托而取得股权,即委托人将自己合法持有的股权作为信托财产,转移至受托人管理和处分;二是基于投资而取得股权,即委托人先把自己合法持有的信托资金或其他财产转移至受托人,进而由受托人通过管理、运用该等受托财产,以增资、受让等方式投资取得股权并对该等股权进行管理和处分。

    基于受托人取得股权的不同情形,受托人对股权投资的管理责任不完全相同。

    如受托人系基于受托取得股权,受托人的股东身份更接近“名义股东”,其对投资股权的管理主要受限于信托合同约定的信托财产的运用及管理方式。

    Filed under:
    China, Insolvency & Restructuring, Private Client & Offshore Services, King & Wood Mallesons
    Authors:
    Liu Bin , You Yang , Lei Jiping , Lin Jia
    Location:
    China
    Firm:
    King & Wood Mallesons
    贷款逾期,商业银行如何打好危机处理的第一仗
    2018-07-19

    近年来,我国宏观经济增长放缓,国家调整产业和信贷政策,并逐渐加强金融监管,商业银行的资产质量压力有所增加,十亿甚至百亿级别的债务逾期或潜在违约浮出水面。这些巨无霸级别的潜在不良贷款风险,迫切要求商业银行审查并改善贷前贷后管理中的遗漏和问题,也对商业银行的危机处理能力提出了更高的挑战。

    大敌当前,痛定思痛,当危机来临时,商业银行的管理层和执行层需要的是冷静的思考、周密的策划,以及必要时刻壮士断腕的决策力。从本团队近期参与处理的几项复杂的债务逾期及潜在违约案例来看,危机的表象多种多样,除了资金周转困难带来直接的偿付危机;有的则是债务人控制人挪用公司资金投入股市炒股,有的是公司实际控制人陷入刑事调查和指控,也有的则更为隐蔽,债务人关联主体在境外受到他国政府的调查等等。这些危机虽然不一定直接表现为到期不付,但可能已经导致债务人违反融资文件的陈述、承诺条款,甚至通过交叉违约触发了违约事件或潜在违约事件。

    本文旨在梳理危机处理的思路,通盘策划全面追索资产的策略,为贷款管理工作层面制定一份简介易行的“工作方案”,以便为后续的债务重组和清偿争取宝贵的时间,避免弯路:

    一、梳理融资文件

    Filed under:
    China, Banking, Insolvency & Restructuring, Litigation, King & Wood Mallesons
    Authors:
    Ma Feng , Andrew Deszcz , David Lam , Su Meng
    Location:
    China
    Firm:
    King & Wood Mallesons
    How should Chinese banks effectively manage, enforce and restructure their non-performing loans?
    2018-07-19

    As the Chinese economy enters the “new normal”, the Chinese government has been adjusting its industrial and credit-related policies and strengthening regulation of Chinese financial institutions. A large number of non-performing loans (NPLs) as well as actual loan defaults have started to surface. The risks associated with rising levels of NPLs require Chinese banks to enhance their ex ante and ex post credit risk management practices.

    Filed under:
    China, Banking, Insolvency & Restructuring, Litigation, King & Wood Mallesons
    Authors:
    Ma Feng , Andrew Deszcz , David Lam , Su Meng , Andrew Fei
    Location:
    China
    Firm:
    King & Wood Mallesons
    China: Law of the People’s Republic of China on Enterprise Bankruptcy
    2018-10-01

    Restructuring & Insolvency Asia Pacific Introduction The bankruptcy regime was a major milestone for China. For the first time in its history, China now has a unified and comprehensive bankruptcy system covering all types of enterprises, including foreign investment vehicles and state-owned enterprises.

    Filed under:
    China, Insolvency & Restructuring, Baker McKenzie
    Location:
    China
    Firm:
    Baker McKenzie
    Developments in the Chinese NPL Market
    2018-11-07

    Investors in non-performing loans ("NPLs") continue to look for new jurisdictions and opportunities to achieve attractive returns on capital. Much of the European NPL market is now in a relatively advanced state (particularly in the more mature parts of the market such as UK, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain and, to a lesser extent, Italy). Funds are, therefore, looking further afield for NPL opportunities. One interesting jurisdiction, given the 1.71 trillion yuan (c.US $270 billion) of NPLs held by commercial banks, is China.

    Filed under:
    China, European Union, USA, Banking, Corporate Finance/M&A, Insolvency & Restructuring, Litigation, Trade & Customs, White & Case, Due diligence
    Authors:
    Jeffrey Rubinoff , Victoria Landsbert , Lisa Seifman , Baldwin Cheng , Frank Shu
    Location:
    China, European Union, USA
    Firm:
    White & Case
    Roadmap announced for the introduction this year of a corporate rescue regime in Hong Kong
    2019-01-21

    Hong Kong’s Financial Secretary Paul Chan said last week that there were plans to introduce a bill this year into the city’s Legislative Council to put in place a long-awaited and much needed corporate rescue procedure for Hong Kong.

    Filed under:
    China, Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Company & Commercial, Insolvency & Restructuring, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer
    Authors:
    Nick Stern
    Location:
    China, Hong Kong, United Kingdom
    Firm:
    Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer

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