The concept that a court- or insolvency-appointed director (such as a liquidator or administrator) may “adopt” employment contracts — well known under UK insolvency practice — has no direct equivalent under Hungarian law. Nevertheless, it is important in practice to understand when a managing director becomes the actual addressee of employer obligations.

Hungarian Context

The key actors in Hungarian insolvency and restructuring proceedings are:

在没有股东协议的情况下，英属维尔京群岛（“BVI”）公司的股东权利由公司章程大纲及细则的条款所规定。然而，控股股东可能采取损害少数股东权益的行为。在这种情况下，BVI法院有权处理与少数股东权益和不公平损害相关的问题。受损害的股东最常见的救济措施之一是要求法院以正当正当公平的理由将公司清盘。

本法律简报将概述BVI关于不公平损害的法律制度以及以正当公平的理由进行公司清盘的救济途径。此外，本简报还将探讨该救济措施适用与否的具体情形。

不公平损害

《英属维尔京群岛商业公司法（2020修订版）》（经修订）（“BCA”）为股东提起不公平损害救济诉讼提供了法律依据。如果股东认为公司事务“曾以、正在或可能以压迫性、不公平歧视性或对其股东身份构成不公平损害的方式处理，或公司行为曾有、正在或可能对其股东身份构成压迫性、不公平歧视性或不公平损害，可向法院申请裁决令“。

在评估受害股东所声称的公司事务是否对其造成不公平损害时，BVI法院将采用客观标准。每种情况各有不同，因此，为了确定是否存在不公平损害，BVI法院会综合考虑以下因素：

NEWS

The only way is up

The end of upwards-only rent reviews?

Following the publication of our recent article on the voluntary liquidation of solvent limited liability companies (LLCs) in the UAE, an important question was raised by one of the readers: what happens if, during liquidation, it is discovered that the company’s assets are insufficient to discharge all of its debts, and what liability may arise for shareholders or directors in such a case?

If a company faces a situation threatening insolvency, the satisfaction of creditors' claims is at risk. In such cases, the company's managers must prioritize the interests of the creditors, and for failure to do so, they are subject to civil and/or criminal liability, which we describe in this article.

Overview

When WeWork faced turmoil globally, leading its U.S. parent company to file for bankruptcy protection in 2023, few expected its Indian affiliate to become a case study in strength and discipline. Once seen as a symbol of the “new economy,” WeWork’s downfall illustrated the dangers of excessive growth, inflated valuations, and weak governance where the promise of change often exceeded execution. In this context, WeWork India operated under a brand license and was supported by the Embassy Group, taking a different route.

In a recent decision, Deputy High Court Judge Gary CC Lam dismissed an application to strike out an unfair preference claim brought by the liquidators of RZ3262019 Limited. The judgment provides a significant analysis of issue estoppel, particularly on the novel question of how an issue is characterised when a foreign court has applied a different, higher standard of proof.

Background

Background

In the period since its inception in 2020, the Part 26A restructuring plan has proven to be a powerful addition to the English restructuring toolkit, allowing – through cross-class cram down – a transaction to be imposed on a dissenting class. There is a great deal of flexibility with this power; in particular, unlike with many other regimes, there is no absolute priority rule, and therefore it is possible (in justifiable circumstances) for shareholders to retain a material equity stake, while one or more creditor classes are compromised.

Article 49, Paragraph 2 of the Trademark Law stipulates: "If a registered trademark has not been used for three consecutive years without a legitimate reason, any entity or individual may apply to the Trademark Office for the revocation of the registered trademark."

The core purpose of this provision is to clean up "zombie trademarks" and activate trademark resources. However, the definition of "legitimate reason" directly relates to the continuation of trademark rights, and there are many disputes in practice. So, what constitutes a "legitimate reason"?

The European insolvency landscape is undergoing a period of intense transformation, driven by EU-level legislative initiatives and national responses to disruptions – most notably the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.