The concept that a court- or insolvency-appointed director (such as a liquidator or administrator) may “adopt” employment contracts — well known under UK insolvency practice — has no direct equivalent under Hungarian law. Nevertheless, it is important in practice to understand when a managing director becomes the actual addressee of employer obligations.

Hungarian Context

The key actors in Hungarian insolvency and restructuring proceedings are:

在没有股东协议的情况下，英属维尔京群岛（“BVI”）公司的股东权利由公司章程大纲及细则的条款所规定。然而，控股股东可能采取损害少数股东权益的行为。在这种情况下，BVI法院有权处理与少数股东权益和不公平损害相关的问题。受损害的股东最常见的救济措施之一是要求法院以正当正当公平的理由将公司清盘。

本法律简报将概述BVI关于不公平损害的法律制度以及以正当公平的理由进行公司清盘的救济途径。此外，本简报还将探讨该救济措施适用与否的具体情形。

不公平损害

《英属维尔京群岛商业公司法（2020修订版）》（经修订）（“BCA”）为股东提起不公平损害救济诉讼提供了法律依据。如果股东认为公司事务“曾以、正在或可能以压迫性、不公平歧视性或对其股东身份构成不公平损害的方式处理，或公司行为曾有、正在或可能对其股东身份构成压迫性、不公平歧视性或不公平损害，可向法院申请裁决令“。

在评估受害股东所声称的公司事务是否对其造成不公平损害时，BVI法院将采用客观标准。每种情况各有不同，因此，为了确定是否存在不公平损害，BVI法院会综合考虑以下因素：

NEWS

The only way is up

The end of upwards-only rent reviews?

Background

In the period since its inception in 2020, the Part 26A restructuring plan has proven to be a powerful addition to the English restructuring toolkit, allowing – through cross-class cram down – a transaction to be imposed on a dissenting class. There is a great deal of flexibility with this power; in particular, unlike with many other regimes, there is no absolute priority rule, and therefore it is possible (in justifiable circumstances) for shareholders to retain a material equity stake, while one or more creditor classes are compromised.

If a company faces a situation threatening insolvency, the satisfaction of creditors' claims is at risk. In such cases, the company's managers must prioritize the interests of the creditors, and for failure to do so, they are subject to civil and/or criminal liability, which we describe in this article.

Overview

In a recent decision, Deputy High Court Judge Gary CC Lam dismissed an application to strike out an unfair preference claim brought by the liquidators of RZ3262019 Limited. The judgment provides a significant analysis of issue estoppel, particularly on the novel question of how an issue is characterised when a foreign court has applied a different, higher standard of proof.

Background

Article 49, Paragraph 2 of the Trademark Law stipulates: "If a registered trademark has not been used for three consecutive years without a legitimate reason, any entity or individual may apply to the Trademark Office for the revocation of the registered trademark."

The core purpose of this provision is to clean up "zombie trademarks" and activate trademark resources. However, the definition of "legitimate reason" directly relates to the continuation of trademark rights, and there are many disputes in practice. So, what constitutes a "legitimate reason"?

2025年8月11日，香港高等法院法官陈静芬对华南城控股有限公司（以下简称“华南城”）下达清盘令。根据路透社报道，华南城是自2021年中国房地产行业陷入债务危机以来，首家在香港被清盘的国有背景房地产开发商。

背景

华南城及其子公司集团（以下简称“集团公司”）是在内地8个主要城市以品牌名称“华南城”运营大型综合物流与交易中心的房地产开发商。

此前，香港法院已两次延期华南城清盘申请的聆讯，然而，香港法院拒绝了本案聆讯的第三次延期请求，并基于以下理由，勒令华南城即时清盘：

Introduction

The collapse of Passaredo Linhas Aéreas (currently known as "VOEPASS") in the beginning of 2025 has exposed  a weakness, at the trial court level, in Brazil's legal framework for international aviation finance, revealing violations of both the Cape Town Convention and its Aircraft Protocol (together, the “CTC”) and the domestic bankruptcy law. VOEPASS is a regional airline that operated with ten leased ATRs aircraft in early 2025.