前言
众所周知,近年来全球经济形势在新冠疫情的阴影下日趋严峻,各行各业均受到了不同程度的负面影响。这种影响传导至PE/VC行业,就演变成“退出难” 问题。被投企业无法上市、业绩低迷、没人接盘……不得已,投资机构们开始打起了“清算”的主意,趁着投资本金还没亏完,能捞回来一点是一点。于是,机构们纷纷向被投企业主张“优先清算权”。关于优先清算权的法律效力,此前的主流观点曾认为《公司法》第186条第二款并不允许有限责任公司自由约定清算剩余财产分配事项,但随着《民法典》的立法进程以及颁布、实施,近年来的司法判例却大多认为《公司法》第186条第二款并非效力性强制性规定,因而支持优先清算权的法律效力。本文拟对几个典型判例进行介绍,以此给PE/VC行业人士提供有益参考。
如系争投资协议项下的“优先清算权”条款约定目标公司在分别支付法定的优于股东之间分配的款项后,部分股东优先于其他股东取得优先分配的,则该股 东内部对于分配顺序进行的约定并不违反《公司法》规定。
案例1
林宇与北京北科创新投资中心(有限合伙)股权转让纠纷案
【(2019)京03民终6335号】
基本事实
The Court of Appeal has upheld the High Court decision of Mr Justice Fancourt in Denaxe Limited v Cooper & Anor [2022] EWHC 764 (Ch) striking out a substantial damages claim brought against court appointed receivers concerning the 2019 sale of Blackpool Football Club.
Summary of Purdue Pharma, L.P. v, City of Grand Prairie (In re Purdue Pharma, L.P.), No. 22–110 – Bk (2d Cir. May 30, 2023)
In vielen Branchen kann die Lieferkette eine Vielzahl von Unternehmen und Jurisdiktionen umfassen. Im derzeitigen Wirtschaftsklima ist es nicht ungewöhnlich, dass einzelne Lieferanten innerhalb dieser Lieferkette in finanzielle Schwierigkeiten geraten oder ein Insolvenzverfahren beantragen.
Lenders beware, Canada is one step closer to establishing a framework that will provide significant enhanced protections for suppliers of perishable food items. Bill C-280, or the Financial Protection for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Farmers Act (the “Act”), has passed the Second of Three Readings in the House of Commons.
过去三年中,受新冠疫情影响,大量企业面临无法清偿到期债务、资不抵债或者明显缺乏清偿能力的困境,法院受理破产清算案件的数量直线上升。最近,笔者也作为破产管理人的一员参与了一起有限合伙企业的破产清算案件,引发了笔者对于有限合伙企业及其普通合伙人共同承担合伙企业债务过程中破产的先后顺序的思考。本篇文章仅浅论普通合伙人因承担有限合伙企业对外债务的连带责任而被申请破产的情形,其因自身债务而进入破产清算程序的情况暂且不论。
- 案情简介
公司A为有限合伙企业B的唯一普通合伙人,现有B的债权人C要求A对B的对外债务承担连带责任,但A无力偿还,故C向法院申请对A进行破产清算,法院裁定受理并指定笔者所在单位作为A的破产管理人,而笔者在履行管理人职务的过程中,发现C并没有同步申请B破产,且B对外存在或有应收账款,如能悉数收回,且足以偿还对C的债务,则A可以免于被申请破产清算。此外,如A被宣告破产,则B也须及时推选或委任新的普通合伙人,否则B将因仅剩有限合伙人而陷入需要解散的境地。
在此情形下,C仅向法院申请对A进行破产清算是否合理引起了笔者的疑问。
In many industries, the supply chain can involve multiple suppliers and jurisdictions. In the current economic climate, it is not unusual for a supplier within the supply chain to encounter financial distress or even to enter into formal insolvency proceedings. This can have a significant impact on a company if its business depends on a distressed supplier and an alternative or additional supplier cannot be found (and production cannot be brought in house) or an alternative sourcing is not possible for other reasons, like part/raw material approval process, testing, customs etc.
一只基金在经历“募、投、管、退”几个阶段后,会进入其生命周期的最后一个阶段:清盘和解散,这个阶段涉及对于基金的资产的盘点、处置、分配以及一些法定的清盘和解散程序的履行。虽然在清盘阶段,需要盘点资产、处置及分配,但其实很多基金在运营过程中已经根据其合伙协议下的瀑布式分配条款向投资人完成了绝大多数分配(如下图所示),清盘很多时候仅成为一个注销基金的程序性必经环节而已。
点击可查看大图
有时候由于跨境重组中精简结构或者其他商业上的考虑,一些PE基金的主体也需要清盘和注销。无论是由于期限到期清盘,还是由于重组而清盘,大多数开曼PE基金会采用自愿清盘(voluntary liquidation)的方式退出,因此我们在本文中会重点介绍开曼法下豁免有限合伙的自愿清盘,也会对开曼法下的剔除(strike-off)程序在豁免有限合伙场景下的应用进行简单介绍。
The Companies (Rescue Process for Small and Micro Companies) Act 2021 was enacted in December 2021 to provide a more cost-effective restructuring process for smaller companies in Ireland (SCARP). It has a wide range of features which provide excellent opportunities to assist businesses in difficulty, in a similar format to Examinership but without the cost of the associated court hearings.
Process
Understandably the focus of corporate transactions, restructures and insolvencies tends to be big ticket issues such as finance, tax and assets.
Immigration considerations are often overlooked, potentially resulting in hidden risks and headaches for those involved. In this article, we look at the implications of such scenarios in two key compliance areas: sponsor licences and the prevention of illegal working.
What is a sponsor licence?