The High Court today granted special leave to the Commissioner of Taxation (Commissioner) to appeal against the decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court in Commissioner of Taxation v Australian Building Systems Pty Ltd (in liq) [2014] FCAFC 133. The appeal is likely to be heard later this year.
Significance
The Federal Government has proposed a major strengthening of APRA’s crisis management powers and has released a consultation paper containing wide-ranging proposals for financial services reform that are now open to industry comment.
导言
On 14 May 2015, Australia acceded to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (“Cape Town Convention”) and the Protocol to the Cape Town Convention (“Cape Town Protocol”). In particular, for insolvency related proceedings, Australia adopted what is known as “Alternative A” in aviation industry speak. The Cape Town Convention became effective as Australian law on 1 September 2015 and applies to the relevant aviation leasing and financing transitions entered into after that date.
近年市场竞争及经营环境不确定性持续增加的情况下,不少企业有可能面临营运及财务困难,导致债务违约的情况有上升的趋势。如果债务人资不抵债,债权人有权利用破产清盘的程序接管债务人的资产并尽量实现回收最大化。根据香港*破产管理署公布的统计数字,在2019年1月至10月期间,强制公司清盘案及破产案呈请的数字达到7,062宗。我们藉此介绍近期香港法院就破产清盘颁发的两个重要判决。
1. 仲裁协议的存在是否会影响破产清盘程序的开展?
香港上诉法院近期在But Ka Chon v Interactive Brokers LLC [2019] HKCA 873一案中,考虑了债权相关的合同中约定有仲裁条款管辖的情况下,债权人利用法院破产清盘程序的权利会否受限。由于很多的商业协议均载有仲裁条款,法院的判决对债权人的权利及可采取的救济手段有重要意义。
在该案中,上诉人(证券公司客户,即债务人)与被上诉人(证券公司,即债权人)签订的客户协议约定双方之间的争议以仲裁解决。由于上诉人没有偿还保证金账户的欠款,债权人在香港法院申请上诉人破产。上诉人以双方已经约定仲裁为其中一个理由,请求上诉法院撤销债权人发出的法定偿债书。
公司资本充足是指股东实缴的出资与公司的经营规模相适应,以确保公司有充足的资本应对经营风险、偿付到期债务,与之相匹配的法律规范就是公司资本充足制度。近年来,随着市场经济的发展,立法机关改变了法定资本制的立场,在司法实践中,公司资本充足制度也呈现出渐见宽松的趋势。
一、《公司法》多次修改公司资本制度,大幅放宽了资本管制
1993年12月颁行的《公司法》采取了严格的法定资本制度。
2005年10月修订的《公司法》在保持法定资本制度的同时,降低了设立公司的资本门槛,将严格的法定资本制度修改为法定资本分期缴纳的资本制度。
2013年12月修正的《公司法》大幅修改了公司资本制度,将实缴登记制改为认缴登记制(特殊行业除外),取消了注册资本的最低限额、分期认缴期限、首付出资比例及出资财产形式的限制等规定,改由股东在公司章程中自行约定,基本完成从法定资本制到授权资本制的转变。
2018年10月修改的《公司法》增加了允许上市公司回购本公司股份的情形,并实际上赋予上市公司回购股份的自主决定权(“上市公司为维护公司价值及股东权益所必需”),还简化了股份回购的决策程序,提高了公司持有本公司股份的数额上限,延长了公司持有所回购股份的期限。
1. 最实在的权利 清算优先权,或优先清算权(Liquidation Preference),是指“清算事件”发生时,投资人在清算财产分配过程中享有优先顺位的权利。通常,越晚进来的投资人清算优先的顺位越高,但在老投资人强势时也可能会约定新老投资人之间平等顺位,按投资金额比例甚至股权比例分优先金额。相比实际上基本用不上的分红优先权,清算优先权是更实用、也更可能给投资人创造实际价值的经济权利。
2. 好坏通吃 清算优先权可以在公司情况不佳(downside)时让投资人优先拿回一点补偿,也可以在公司获得好的收购机会(upside)时使得投资人获利更多。
3. 只是清算? 如果“清算事件”仅包括法律意义上的清算(例如公司解散或破产时的清算),那实际用途不大,关键是它还包括“视同清算事件”。“视同清算事件”的情形通常包括导致控制权变更的合并、收购,以及出售、租赁、转让、以排他性许可或其他方式处置公司全部或大部分资产的事件。考虑到解散或破产清算时公司多半已经没有太多资产可分,发生并购事件才是清算优先权最大的用武之地。
An insolvent enterprise incorporated in Mainland China (“PRC”) or its creditors (“Applicant”) may institute a bankruptcy proceeding against the insolvent enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Bankruptcy Law (“Bankruptcy Law”) by the filing of a bankruptcy petition. There have long been complaints by industry practitioners that PRC courts are reluctant to register bankruptcy petitions.
On 16 January 2015, Justice Beech, of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, handed down his decision in the matters of Hamersley HMS Pty Ltd v Davis [2015] WASC 14 and Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd v James [2015] WASC 10 (the Hamersley Decisions). In both matters, Hamersley sought to set aside determinations made by an adjudicator pursuant to the Construction Contracts Act 2004 (WA) (CCA) and Forge Group Construction Pty Ltd (In Liq) (Receivers and Managers Appointed) (Forge) sought leave to enforce the determinations.
The recent decision of the Victorian Court of Appeal in Re Willmott Forests Limited (Receivers and Managers appointed) (in liquidation) [2012] VSCA 202 gives liquidators comfort when disclaiming leases (as the liquidator of a landlord) pursuant to s 568(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (‘the Act’).