In many bankruptcy cases, disappointing recoveries lead creditors to look for deep pockets as targets. This scrutiny is frequently directed at a bankrupt company’s directors and officers (D&Os or fiduciaries) in so-called D&O suits. These lawsuits are most often brought by bankruptcy trustees, creditors’ committees, liquidating trusts, and other bankruptcy estate representatives.

The Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement (ODCE) has provided guidance on its approach to directors of companies, made insolvent by the COVID-19 pandemic, who act in good faith on objective evidence in trying to rebuild their businesses.

The issue

The consequences of the COVID-19 crisis have made many businesses that were solvent, and will likely become solvent again, technically insolvent.

This quick guide summarises the duties that directors of companies incorporated in England and Wales are subject to, and how those duties change when the company is insolvent or at risk of being insolvent. It also provides an overview of the personal risk to directors when the company is in financial difficulty.

This note is intended as an overview and should not be relied on as legal advice. Should you require legal advice in relation to your specific circumstances, please contact the Restructuring & Insolvency team members whose contact details are at the end of this note.

The Corporate Insolvency and Governance Bill (“Bill”) is currently going through Parliament and, if approved, will introduce wide-ranging changes to the UK’s corporate insolvency regime. The Bill includes a number of measures designed to protect businesses which are struggling as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Some of these measures are temporary, however parliament may decide to extend these if necessary.

The key measures included in the Bill are summarised below.

Temporary provisions

COVID-19 has had a debilitating effect on many sectors of the economy and unfortunately, the coming 12 months will see more businesses in financial distress and an uptick in business insolvency.

In such an environment, the commercial reality is that many businesses will be owed debts that will not be paid in full or at all. For many businesses, this could spell disaster. For this reason, debtor management is crucial in the present environment.

The COVID-19 restrictions are slowly easing but the economic impacts are far from over. While businesses struggle to find ways to free up cash, it is likely we will see restructuring of loans and waiving of debts.

Taxpayers and their advisors need to be aware of the taxation implications of restructuring and forgiving loans, including the Commercial Debt Forgiveness (CDF) rules, Division 7A and the CGT rules.

Key takeaway

Pursuant to paragraph 11 of the order of Mr Justice Foxton dated 20 May 2020 (the ‘Order’), the Viscount of the Royal Court of Jersey (the Fifth and Tenth Respondent) has, on the request of Harbour Fund II LP (the Seventh Respondent), instructed Addleshaw Goddard to post a copy of Schedule 4 to the Order on its website.

Schedule 4 of the Order reads as follows:

CLAIM NO: CL-2017-000323

受疫情影响，英国越来越多的企业出现运营困难。虽然英国政府出台了多种补救措施，但仍会有很多企业将不可避免地面临破产。对因各种原因可能受到英国公司破产影响的中国公司或个人，本文将从英国破产法角度简要介绍英国公司破产程序、这些程序对于公司和普通债权人的保护，以及担任破产公司董事需要关注的问题。

一. 公司什么时候算破产？

英国的破产法规定主要来源于《1986年破产法》（Insolvency Act 1986）和《1986年破产规则》（Insolvency Rules 1986）。虽然《1986年破产法》没有给破产以明确的定义，但采用了"无力偿还债务"的概念。因此，在英国公司破产一般包含两种情况：一是公司没办法支付债务（现金流量破产 – Cash-flow insolvency），二是公司负债大于资产（资产负债表破产- Balance-sheet insolvency）。

现金流量破产一般表现为公司没办法支付其现有的债务。值得注意的是，即使公司可以支付现有债务，但如果没办法支付其在不远的未来产生的债务也将被视为破产。

In his judgment handed down on 7 May 2020 in the case of Gregory v ARG (Mansfield) Ltd [2020] EWHC 1133 (Ch), HH Judge Davis-White QC, sitting as a Judge of the High Court, commented (on an obiter basis) that where a company regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) seeks to enter administration, section 362A of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“FSMA 2000”) and paragraph 29 of Schedule B1 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (the “Insolvency Act”), require that writ

As we know, the Federal Government has implemented a package of changes to Australian insolvency and bankruptcy laws to provide relief from the economic impacts of COVID-19.