Under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Code), if a corporate debtor is unable to pay its debts, then insolvency resolution proceedings (CIRP) may be initiated against the corporate debtor and attempts are made to revive the corporate debtor by inviting resolution plans. If the revival process fails, the corporate debtor must be liquidated.

Introduction

L’arbitrage est un mode consensuel de résolution des différends qui permet aux parties de personnaliser leur processus et même de choisir leur propre décideur. L’insolvabilité est le scénario diamétralement opposé, dans lequel les différends concernant le débiteur sont involontairement regroupés devant un seul tribunal d’insolvabilité.

Arbitration is a consensual method of dispute resolution in which the parties can customize their process and even select their own decision-maker. Insolvency is the diametrically opposite scenario, where disputes involving the debtor are involuntarily consolidated before a single insolvency court.

After a postponement of almost two years from the originally scheduled date (August 15, 2020) for its entry into force - mainly caused by the crisis caused by the pandemic emergency - on July 15, 2022, the Code of Corporate Crisis and Insolvency (or "CCII") set forth in Legislative Decree 14/2019, as most recently amended by Legislative Decree No. 83 of June 17, 2022, containing a final set of changes and important innovations, finally entered into force.

Dopo uno slittamento di quasi due anni dalla data originariamente prevista (15 agosto 2020) per la sua entrata in vigore - principalmente causato dalla crisi provocata dall’emergenza pandemica - il 15 luglio 2022 è definitivamente entrato in vigore il Codice della Crisi di Impresa e dell’Insolvenza (o “CCII”) di cui al DLgs. 14/2019, così come da ultimo modificato dal DLgs. 17 giugno 2022 n. 83 contenente una ultima serie di modifiche ed importanti novità.

The appellate courts have been busy explaining or clarifying preference and fraudulent transfer law. Although novices may think the Bankruptcy Code (Code) is clear on its face, imaginative counsel have found gaps in the statute and generated rafts of litigation since the Code's enactment in 1979. Recent appellate decisions, summarized below, show that courts are still making new law or refining prior case law.

Preferences

第１ はじめに

経済的に困窮した取引先から債権（本稿では担保のない 一般債権であることを前提に論述します。）を回収し、その後 に取引先が破産に至った場合、その債権回収行為が破産管 財人から否認され、回収金を破産管財人に返還しなければ ならないことがあります。

この否認（講学上偏頗行為否認と称されます。）について破 産法は、次のような定めを置いています（下線は筆者）。

（特定の債権者に対する担保の供与等の否認）

第１６２条 次に掲げる行為（既存の債務についてされた担保 の供与又は債務の消滅に関する行為に限る。）は、破産手続 開始後、破産財団のために否認することができる。

一 破産者が支払不能になった後又は破産手続開始の申立 てがあった後にした行為。ただし、債権者が、その行為の当 時、次のイ又はロに掲げる区分に応じ、それぞれ当該イ又はロ に定める事実を知っていた場合に限る。

イ 当該行為が支払不能になった後にされたものである場合 支払不能であったこと又は支払の停止があったこと。

ロ 当該行為が破産手続開始の申立てがあった後にされたも のである場合 破産手続開始の申立てがあったこと。

The Insolvency Service has recently announced their proposal to increase the cost of deposits payable on creditors’ bankruptcy and winding-up petitions which are presented on or after 1^st November 2022.

The proposal is as follows:

Bankruptcy Petition deposit increasing from £990 to £1,500

Winding-up Petition deposit increasing from £1,600 to £2,600

If the proposed changes are approved it will mean the overall fee to issue petitions (including the court fee) will be:

On August 15, 2022, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals reinstates its prior In re Hammons opinion, which deals with remedies for unconstitutionally lower quarterly fees charged to bankruptcy debtors in Alabama and North Carolina.[Fn. 1]

Opinion Points

Check out these points from the Hammons opinion: