The Victorian Court of Appeal and a Full Court of the Federal Court have each recently held that the statutory priority regime applies to the winding up of companies that act as trustees of trading trusts, confirming that employee claims and a liquidator’s remuneration and costs are priority debts. Special leave to appeal the Court of Appeal’s decision has been sought.
With many bankruptcy cases looming on the horizon as a result of the pandemic and the measures taken to contain it, prudent creditors are reacquainting themselves with their rights, including the right of reclamation. Reclamation is codified in section 2-702(2) of the Uniform Commercial Code, and allows a seller who discovers that the buyer is insolvent to reclaim the goods upon demand within 10 days after delivery. However, this right is junior to the rights of good faith purchasers and lien creditors.
The highly anticipated Supreme Court decision in Bresco Electrical Services Ltd (in Liquidation) v Michael J Lonsdale [2020] UKSC 25 has endorsed the use of adjudication in the context of insolvency set off, substantially reversing the decision of the Court of Appeal.
本文主要讨论公司型基金、合伙型基金自行清算的主要流程,并就基金自行清算出现僵局等情形时,如何申请法院启动基金强制清算程序的主要问题作初步探讨。
基金清算适用的法律
对于公司型基金的清算,其主要适用《公司法》以及《最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国公司法>若干问题的规定(二)》(下称“《公司法司法解释二》”)《关于审理公司强制清算案件工作座谈会纪要》(下称“《强制清算纪要》”)以及部分高院出台的相关审判指导。
对于合伙型基金的清算,除适用《合伙企业法》外,可参照公司法律的有关规定。对此,《民法总则》第一百零八条规定,“非法人组织除适用本章规定外,参照适用本编第三章第一节的有关规定”;第三编第一节对法人清算作出了相关规定,其中第七十一条规定,“法人的清算程序和清算组职权,依照有关法律的规定;没有规定的,参照适用公司法律的有关规定”。例如,北京一中院在(2020)京01清申27号《民事裁定书》中基于上述规定,认定合伙型基金的清算应当参照《公司法》的相关规定进行。
除前述规定外,中国证监会、中基协的相关规定,以及其他行业自治组织的相关规定,亦可作为基金清算的依据。
The coronavirus pandemic has driven many companies into bankruptcy, including well-known names such as Brooks Brothers, Neiman Marcus, J.C. Penney, J. Crew and Hertz. In addition to raising bankruptcy-specific issues, the resultant bankruptcy proceedings are likely to raise complex issues of insurance, especially coverage and loss measurement for business interruption losses asserted to have resulted from COVID-19.
2020年の初めに新型コロナウイルス感染症(COVID-19)パンデミックが広がり始めてから、その拡散を抑えるために全米の州知事が事業の閉鎖を命じる行政命令を出しました。多くの事業主が、事業閉鎖期間の賃料の支払義務から逃れるための救済手段を探ろうとして賃貸借契約書、特にその不可抗力(force majeure)条項を調べました。事業体やその弁護士は、今まで経験したことのない性質のパンデミックと相次ぐ事業閉鎖を目の当たりにしていますが、そのような重要事項の指針となる判例はわずかしかありませんでした。しかし、イリノイ州J.B.プリツカー知事がCOVID-19危機の対応策として、レストランに対して同施設で食事をする客に料理を出す(on-premises consumption)ことを禁じる行政命令を出した結果1、 Hitz Restaurant Group事件において、イリノイ州北部地区連邦破産裁判所は、近時、賃貸借契約書に含まれる不可抗力条項に基づき、テナント(賃借人)‐債務者の賃料支払義務は一部免除されると判示しました。
随着内地与香港的经济贸易往来日益频繁,近年来破产案件中需要通过跨境破产合作解决的问题也日益增多。虽然2019年1月发布的《关于内地与香港特别行政区法院相互认可和执行民商事案件判决的安排》仍未将破产(清盘)案件包括在内,但是近年来实践中已经开始出现一些内地与香港法院互相承认对方破产(清盘)程序的效力、承认对方破产管理人(清盘人)地位的案例,这一新动向值得跨境投资者关注。
内地对香港清盘程序的态度
根据最高法2011年对《企业破产法》第五条的解释,香港法院作出的“清盘令不属于《企业破产法》下内地法院应认可和执行的境外法院的判决、裁定”。但是,最高法2014年审结的“新加坡中华环保案”为香港清盘人在内地法院审理的案件中代表被清盘公司诉讼创造了可能性。
该案原告是一家新加坡企业,已经破产并被指定了管理人。最高法院援引《涉外民事关系法律适用法》第十四条的规定,认为该案的争议问题实质是原告破产企业的代表人及其诉讼地位、相关权利的认定,应当适用原告登记地法律即新加坡法,进而认可破产管理人有权代表公司继续诉讼。根据这一裁判思路,内地法院有可能对已被清盘的香港公司适用其注册登记地法律,即香港法律,来认定香港清盘人在内地法院案件中的诉讼地位及相关权利,从而使香港清盘人有权代表被清盘公司在内地法院参加诉讼活动。
In the recent Gunns decisions, the Federal Court considered three separate unfair preference claims brought by the liquidators of Gunns Limited (in Liquidation) (Gunns) against:
In a case of first impression on the issue of “whether a lease assumption can survive discharge even though it is not reaffirmed[,]” the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently held that a creditor’s post-discharge attempt to collect the balance owed under an automobile lease assumed by the debtor post-petition but prior to discharge in a Chapter 7 case did not violate the discharge injunction.
The Corporations Act 2001 sets out a regime for the order in which certain debts and claims are to be paid in priority to unsecured creditors.
That's straightforward enough for a liquidator, right?
Unfortunately, matters are not that straightforward. In effect, there are two priority regimes under the Act for the preferential payments of particular creditors, each of which applies to a different "fund", and we've observed this has led to some liquidators being unsure of how to proceed – or even worse, using funds they should not.