Marex Financial Limited v. Carlos Sevilleja Garcia [2017] EWHC 918 (Comm)

This recent decision on a jurisdictional challenge has provided greater clarity and potentially created a tortious cause of action where a debtor dissipates assets prior to judgment and subsequent freezing order.

Background

A bankrupt’s KiwiSaver account balance is off limits to the Official Assignee.  Even if it were not, the Official Assignee could not use the bankruptcy to invoke the hardship-based early withdrawal provisions in the KiwiSaver Act 2006.

This is the effect of a Court of Appeal judgment, delivered on Friday.  Although justifiable in policy terms, the decision raises issues about the appropriate balance between promoting retirement savings and protecting creditor rights. 

Significance

The High Court has found that a bankrupt member’s interest in a KiwiSaver scheme is available for distribution by the Official Assignee to creditors – but only after the bankrupt qualifies for a withdrawal (which will usually be at age 65) unless early partial release would alleviate the bankrupt’s significant financial hardship.

In Hutchins v Edwards [2013] NZHC 336, the High Court declined an application for an adjournment by a debtor who sought further time to liquidate property in order to pay a judgment debt.

Armitage v Established Investments Limited (in liq) involved an appeal by an undischarged bankrupt (A), against a High Court decision imposing conditions that A was not to engage in business for three years following discharge at the end of his bankruptcy. The High Court had also ordered that the period of bankruptcy was to be extended for three years beyond the statutory three year period, although A did not challenge this aspect of the High Court decision.

From 28 September 2012 the maximum priority amount for employees in liquidations, receiverships and bankruptcies will increase from $18,700.00 to $20,340.00 per employee.

Liquidators, receivers and the Official Assignee in a personal bankruptcy must pay certain amounts to employees, in priority to ordinary unsecured creditors. 

These preferential employee entitlements include:

Official Assignee v Mayers and Ors concerns the common practice of forgiveness of debt owed by a family trust and the consequences of such a gifting programme in the event of the bankruptcy of the lender.

In Stockco Ltd v Denize the applicants sought an order to set aside bankruptcy notices on the ground that the creditor had not complied with High Court Rule 24.8(3).  That Rule requires that a certified copy of the judgment or order on which the bankruptcy notice is based must be attached to the bankruptcy notice.  The applicants claimed that the notice was defective as it was served separately from copies of the judgment.

Justice Ellis recently confirmed the position applicable when a bankrupt applies for a stay of the decision adjudicating the debtor bankrupt pending appeal.

Mr Cary had been made bankrupt on 12 September 2011 as a result of a long outstanding debt to Trustees Executors Limited.  His opposition to the bankruptcy was based solely on the fact that Mr Cary thought he should be given more time to advance a proposal to creditors under Part 5 of the Insolvency Act 2006.  This was rejected by the Court for a variety of reasons, and the adjudication order made.

In Official Assignee v Spencer, Mr Spencer's bankruptcy period was extended from three to six years due to his conduct and failure to comply with his obligations under the Insolvency Act 1967 (Act). 

Mr Spencer was adjudicated bankrupt for the second time in August 2007 and was due to be discharged from bankruptcy in 2010.  However, the Official Assignee objected to Mr Spencer's discharge and asked the Court to exercise its discretion and decline to order the discharge.