Overview of this submission
Over the past decade there has been an influx of small- and medium-sized entrants to the U.K. gas supplier market, which is supervised by Great Britain's[1] independent energy regulator, the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem).[2] According to Ofgem, this market development had the effect of increasing price competition and putting pressure on incumbent suppliers to improve customer service for consumers.[3]
以物抵债,指债权人与债务人之间存在金钱债务,双方约定将债务人财产作价交付债权人抵偿债务的行为。实践中,主要分为两种类型,包括当事人双方协商的以物抵债和民事强制执行程序中的以物抵债程序,本文仅就前种以物抵债类型进行探讨。
近年来,随着新冠疫情影响,经济形势发生变化,再加上政策调控等多重因素打击,导致地产行业遭遇寒冬,现金流频繁遭受考验。迫于资金回款压力,为了缓解僵局,地产企业推出“工抵房”“内部房”等房源以期减轻对外负债或实现现金回流。其中,“工抵房”也被称为工程抵款房,是开发商用于给工程方抵扣工程款的一种方式,也是大众所俗称以物抵债的一种常见形式。虽然,工程方的需求是现金而并非房屋,但目前经济形势下,工程方面临开发商无款支付的现实局面,只能无奈被迫接受“工抵房”。尽管“工抵房”的出现使得开发商不再面临房子无路销售的难题,同时解决了部分应付款项;工程方能获得部分“工抵房”以解决工程资金被长期拖欠的难题;购房者可以更低价格买到“工抵房”从而降低购房成本,这一循环链看似多赢,实则隐藏大量法律风险。本文将从“工抵房”的角度,以工抵债权人的视角,对以物抵债的性质、模式、法律风险等维度进行分析,以期对实践和后续研究有所贡献。
一、以物抵债协议的性质
On October 17, 2022, Justice Andrea Masley of the NY Supreme Court issued a decision and order denying all but one of the motion to dismiss claims filed by Boardriders, Oaktree Capital (an equity holder, term lender, and “Sponsor” under the credit agreement), and an ad hoc group of lenders (the “Participating Lenders”) that participated in an “uptiering” transaction that included new money investments and roll-ups of existing term loan debt into new priming debt that would sit at the top of the company’s capital structure.
On October 14, 2022, the Fifth Circuit issued its decision in Ultra Petroleum, granting favorable outcomes to “unimpaired” creditors that challenged the company’s plan of reorganization and argued for payment (i) of a ~$200 million make-whole and (ii) post-petition interest at the contractual rate, not the Federal Judgment Rate. At issue on appeal was the Chapter 11 plan proposed by the “massively solvent” debtors—Ultra Petroleum Corp. (HoldCo) and its affiliates, including subsidiary Ultra Resources, Inc.
“以房抵债”安排,原常见于缓解开发商在开发过程中少量资金短缺的问题,但部分房地产企业逐渐将其演化作为平衡资金需求的工具,签订大量的“以房抵债”协议,在出现现金流危机、甚至濒临破产的情况下,无力偿还欠款,也无力建完房屋交付债权人,使得“以房抵债”的实现问题变得愈加尖锐。而在理论和实践中,“以房抵债”也存在较多的争议,即便表面上均具备相似的特征,由于个案事实细微的差别,或是裁判观点不同,导致不同的判决结果。故此,本文拟就“以房抵债”在破产程序中可能面临的不同效果进行梳理及探讨。
一、关于“以房抵债”的法律关系的厘清
实践中关于“以房抵债”存在着各种各样的约定,归纳起来,最为常见的为“以物抵债”类型的安排:通常发生在债务到期后(部分案件中可能发生在债务到期前),即以债务人或他人持有的房屋作为抵偿债务的“物”,通过折价转让给债权人的形式,实现债务清偿的目的。该种抵偿改变了原债权金钱给付的方式,在理论上,可称为“他种给付型以房抵债”。
UK Supreme Court gives important judgment on directors’ “creditor duty”
The UK Supreme Court in BTI 2014 LLC v Sequana SA and ors [2022] UKSC 25[1] has given an important judgment clarifying the nature of the so-called “creditor duty.” The “creditor duty” is an aspect of the fiduciary duty of directors to act in the interests of their company which requires the directors to take into account the interests of creditors in an insolvency, or borderline insolvency, context.
Part I: Introduction and Background Cryptoassets & Insolvency 2 Introduction Cryptoassets have emerged from relative obscurity to become an increasingly significant and mainstream presence: in just five years the global market cap for cryptocurrencies rose from around $15bn to over $3tn at its peak in November of last year.
在经济下行的时候,原来一些质地不错的企业也会陷入困境。对于困境企业而言,通过破产重整焕发生机,也许是最后一根救命稻草;对于投资人而言,未来真正的赚钱机会,也将出现在更多、更复杂的破产重整项目中。今天,我想跟大家谈谈破产重整投资的趋势、挑战与未来。
一、重整投资的趋势
首先,我们来谈谈重整投资已经展现出的四个变化趋势。
第一个趋势,是从被动投资到主动投资。
什么是被动投资?以往一些破产项目中的重整投资人,往往本身就是破产企业的债权人,他们随着陷入危机的破产企业一起被困在了“水中”,不得不通过参与重整投资寻求最后的“上岸”机会,比较典型的就是一些作为困境企业债权人的AMC公司。
什么是主动投资?这几年里,逐渐有一些“岸上的人”也瞄准了重整投资领域。“岸上的人”,是与困境企业没有关系的外部投资人,他们没有受到困境企业的牵连,而是将重整投资视作一个宝贵的商业机会,主动参与其中。这样的“岸上投资人”,既包括产业投资人,也包括财务投资人。