职工债权是破产程序中常见的债权种类，其在我国破产制度下获得一定的优先保护，是破产企业、管辖法院、职工债权人、担保债权人及其他债权人等主体共同关注的焦点。但实践中不乏关于破产程序中职工债权范围、确认程序、清偿顺序等争议，有关争议处理效果将影响破产程序能否有效推进，关乎劳动关系妥善处理、职工权益保护、债权人利益平衡等目的的实现。鉴于此，本文拟在界定职工债权范围的基础上厘清职工债权在破产程序中的确认程序、清偿顺序、职工债权组分组与表决等问题，为司法实践提供有益参考。

一、职工债权范围

（一） 什么是职工债权？

我国现行法律规定未对职工债权进行明确的定义。实践中，“职工债权”通常又称为“劳动债权”，是职工对用人单位所享有的金钱之债，包括但不仅限于工资、奖金、报销款、应签未签劳动合同双倍工资、年休假补偿、解除或终止劳动合同的经济补偿等，在未涉及破产程序的情况下，职工享有的前述债权并无清偿顺序先后之分。

Introducción

Este mes las resoluciones reseñadas son menos y de menor relevancia que el mes pasado. Destacamos en todo caso el auto de homologación de uno de los primeros planes de restructuración aprobados tras la entrada en vigor de la nueva ley 16/2022 con una peculiar formación de clases donde muchas de ellas son clases unipersonales.

También destacamos un auto del Juzgado de lo Mercantil número 3 de Gijón que niega el embargo preventivo de los bienes de los administradores de la concursada por no apreciarse que vaya a existir un déficit concursal.

A recent U.S. bankruptcy court opinion out of the Central District of California may have cracked the door open for companies formerly tied to the cannabis industry to pursue legal strategies using bankruptcy. Federal prohibitions on cannabis have complicated the industry’s entitlement to legal protections, including chapter 11 bankruptcy. Judge Neil W.

In Grant & Ors v FR Acquisitions Corporation (Europe) Ltd & Anor (Re Lehman Brothers International (Europe)) [2022] EWHC 2532 (Ch), the English High Court ruled on an application for directions (the “Application”) made by the administrators (the “Administrators”) of Lehman Brothers International (Europe) (LBIE) relating to the construction and effect of certain bankruptcy-related events of default (“Events of Default”) specified under the ISDA Master Agreements (as defined below), specifically:

在《商法》2022年11月刊首发。

医药BD（business development，商务拓展）项目通常指通过授权许可、投资、并购、合作开发/商业化等方式进行产品和技术的商业机会拓展。全球新冠疫情已逾三年，医药行业的市场环境和商业预期亦深受影响，导致医药BD项目面临不同程度的挑战。

折射到法律和履约层面，不可抗力、情势变更与市场变化等因素也逐渐变成医药企业内部会议或与合作伙伴商讨如何继续开展项目时高频出现的词汇。是继续“厮守”，还是友好“分手”，往往成为不可回避的话题。

一、妥善约定退出机制

协议是项目开展的基础，项目因各种原因难以为继而需要终止时，退出机制的设计就成为关键。通道不清、权责不明的终止或解除条款将导致企业退出困难，且通常伴随着高昂的时间与经济成本。

协议的终止/解除可分为法定终止/解除与意定终止/解除的两种情形。

在中国法下，常见法定终止情形包括不可抗力与情势变更，两种情形都具有不可预见性，在双方意见不一时，需由法院或仲裁机构决定适用。相对而言，意定终止基于双方事前合意，意见较易统一，可预见性更强。居安思危，事前规划退出机制，明确双方对于合作终止情形的预期，也是对项目负责的表现。

In a decision that may provide much-needed boundaries around the permissibility of debtors created from “out-of-the-box” prepetition corporate transactions, on January 30, 2023, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit issued a unanimous opinion dismissing Johnson & Johnson subsidiary LTL Management, LLC’s (“LTL”) chapter 11 case pending in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey as not being filed in good faith.¹

The concept of “property of the estate” is important in bankruptcy because it determines what property can be used or distributed for the benefit of the debtor’s creditors. Defined by section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code, “property of the estate” broadly encompasses the debtor’s interests in property, with certain additions and exceptions provided for in the Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 541. Difficult questions can arise in a contractual relationship between a debtor and a counterparty about whether an entity actually owns a particular asset or merely has some contractual right.

In a provocative demonstration that it scrutinizes all types of transactions, no matter their origin, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) has reportedly been vetting the proposed $1 billion sale of bankrupt crypto lender Voyager Digital’s assets to Binance.US. Voyager Digital filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July 2022, and, after an initial agreement to sell its assets to FTX crumbled, Binance.US provided Voyager Digital with the winning offer for its assets in December 2022. But, after the sale’s announcement on December 30, 2022, the U.S.

A modification of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy plan on the eve of the hearing on confirmation of that plan requires re-solicitation of votes and re-voting if the modification materially and adversely affects a class of claims or interests, i.e., equity holders, according to the Eleventh Circuit’s opinion in In re America-CV Station Group, Inc., 56 F.4th 1302 (11th Cir. Jan. 5, 2023).

１  はじめに

ファクタリングという言葉を聞かれたことがあると思います。ただ，ファクタリングと一口に言っても，複数の形式があり，主  として売掛債権の資金化のために行うもの（債権の売買）と，   貸倒れリスクを軽減するためファクタリング会社が債務保証を する保証形式のものとがあり，前者は担保付きの資金融資

（すなわち，売掛債権を譲渡担保とした金銭消費貸借契約）  と接近する側面があります。

そこで，法的には，債権の売買となるのか，担保付きの資金 融資なのかは重要な問題となります。また，ファクタリングは， 法的倒産手続との関係でも様々な論点が出てきます。本稿では，ある裁判例を題材に，ファクタリングと倒産手続につい  て検討してみたいと思います。

２　裁判例について