On October 19th, the Wall Street Journal reported that the electric vehicle startup Mullen Automotive Inc., gained court approval to buy an Indiana manufacturing plant and assets from Electric Last Mile Solutions for $92 million. Such deal, which boosted Mullen’s share prices by 64%, includes Electric Last Mile Solutions’ manufacturing plant in Mishawaka, Indiana and its inventory and intellectual property.
"Credito Real is attempting to bypass Mexican and US insolvency laws and deploy a corporate liquidation statute with almost no protections for creditors.
Background
Houst Ltd (“the Company”) is a property management company which specialises in short-term holiday rentals through an online platform. It is an SME (small or medium-sized enterprise) with total liabilities of approximately £10 million at stake. The Company became both cashflow and balance sheet insolvent having experienced financial difficulty during the Covid pandemic and this resulted in creditors having threatened winding-up petitions.
The Insolvency Service recently published a consultation with respect to the proposed implementation of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law ("UNCITRAL") Model Law on Recognition and Enforcement of Insolvency-Related Judgments, which concerns cross-border recognition of judgments associated with insolvency proceedings, an
Summary
The Hong Kong Court and the US Bankruptcy Court have made conflicting comments regarding the discharge of New York law-governed debt by a foreign scheme of arrangement, where that scheme is the subject of recognition under Chapter 15 of the US Bankruptcy Code.
On 30 August 2022, the Hong Kong Court of Appeal overturned the Court of First Instance's decision in the case of Guy Kwok-Hung Lam v Tor Asia Credit Master Fund LP and held that a creditor's bankruptcy petition presented in Hong Kong should not be allowed to proceed where the petitioned debt was disputed and arose from an agreement with an exclusive jurisdiction clause in favour of a foreign court.
一、股东的责任
一般来说,股东只就其认购股份的出资承担责任,而如果公司无偿债能力进而清盘,股东层面并不负有任何法律责任。但仍需注意可能存在的例外情况,例如:
第一,穿透公司法人人格向股东追索。如某人在已有债务的情况下,通过将财产转移给新设立公司的方法逃避该既有债务,法院可能判令要求穿透公司面纱。而在实践中该法律原则因要求严格,很少能够被使用。
第二,股东参与到公司有欺诈目的的资产转移当中,或作为不正当的协助者、不正当的收受财产者,或者参与策划该欺诈行为等。
二、董事和公司管理人员的责任
在清盘开始后,董事实际上失去了管理公司的权力,但是由于董事的地位,其需要在以下两种情形下承担责任:一是如果他违反了原本就对公司负有的义务,清盘人代表公司能够向董事进行追责;二是在清盘前和清盘过程中,董事均负有特定的责任。
一方面,董事负有一般的对公司的信义义务,包括为公司利益行使权利,为公司避免利益冲突等,以及其他法定义务,比如董事必须采取一切合理步骤确保公司备存及保留会计记录至少7年(如有),以及必须确保公司按时提交财务报表等。如这些行为已经发生,董事可能需要承担责任。
企业出现债务危机后,可能最终不得不走向破产清算的结局。通常而言,处于债务危机中的企业已存在无偿债能力(insolvent)的情况,不能藉由公司自行注销的程序完成注销公司;否则,未经清盘程序注销的公司有可能仍被债权人申请恢复,并继续追索债务,届时会给公司股东或董事带来不必要的麻烦。相应地,虽然清盘后解散的公司在法律上仍有可能被恢复,但仅限于清盘过程中遗漏重大债权或资产的情况等,通常不会出现这种情况。
根据《公司(清盘及杂项条文)条例》(香港条例第32章)第169条,香港公司清盘方式可分为两大类:第一类是由法院强制清盘;第二类是自愿清盘,而自愿清盘又可以分为股东自愿清盘与债权人自愿清盘两种。各路径均能令香港公司清盘,并在彻底厘清与处理资产及债务情况下宣告公司解散。本文为上篇,将简要介绍香港公司清盘的程序。
一、股东自愿清盘
股东自愿清盘是指公司可以自行由股东会进行特别决议,或董事会层面作出决议,宣布公司进行清盘,并委任清盘人进行清盘程序。根据《公司(清盘及杂项条文)条例》(香港条例第32章)第228条、229条和233条的要求,董事需要在清盘决议前的5个星期内发出一份《有偿债能力证明书》,说明董事已经详细地调查过公司事务,并认为在未来12个月内能够还清各项债务。
在各类跨境投资的项目中,投资人最担心的问题莫过于被投企业的财务状况出现困境,影响其持续经营能力和偿债能力并最终演变为债务危机,或者集团的持股结构、治理结构不够透明,各种交叉持股盘根错节。在重组过程中,投资者可能会帮助公司梳理、调整各种投资主体架构,而企业为了解除投资者顾虑,有时也会主动进行投资主体架构的重组和优化,包括把多余的主体和结构层级精简掉。
在跨境投资的架构中,往往涉及到多层持股架构,开曼公司、BVI公司以及香港公司都是常见的持股主体。如果我们在重组中需要把这些主体精简注销,需要走什么样的程序,复杂不复杂?在本文中,我们将与大家分享开曼豁免有限公司的清盘和解散,并且后续文章中陆续与大家分享其他法域主体的清算和注销。
On August 11, 2022, the US National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ (“NAIC”) Executive (EX) Committee adopted a request from the Restructuring Mechanisms (E) Working Group (“RM Working Group”) to reopen the Property & Casualty Insurance Guaranty Association Model Act (#540) (“Model Act #540”) for amendment to ensure that policyholders will retain guaranty fund coverage following an insurance business transfer (“IBT”) or corporate division (“CD”).