简介
在香港,公司可透过自愿或强制清盘方式进行清盘。在债权人自愿清盘中,债权人有权监督及参与清盘过程,包括委任清盘人。然而,债权人之间可能会出现争议,而部分债权人可能希望清盘程序在法院批准下进行。最近在Re Samwell Spare Parts Limited (In Creditors’ Voluntary Liquidation) [2022] HKCFI 2851一案中,法院再次探讨关于将自愿清盘转为强制清盘的法律原则。
案情
迅泽航空备件有限公司(「该公司」)因为一项局部仲裁裁决而结欠Airbus Helicopters China HK Limited(「呈请人」)一笔重大债务。该公司通过一项特别决议案,以债权人自愿清盘方式将该公司清盘。于债权人会议举行时,另一阵营占债务总额超过50% 的关连债权人(「关连债权人」)委任了他们选择的清盘人(「清盘人」)。
簡介
在香港,公司可透過自願或強制清盤方式進行清盤。在債權人自願清盤中,債權人有權監督及參與清盤過程,包括委任清盤人。然而,債權人之間可能會出現爭議,而部分債權人可能希望清盤程序在法院批准下進行。最近在Re Samwell Spare Parts Limited (In Creditors’ Voluntary Liquidation) [2022] HKCFI 2851一案中,法院再次探討關於將自願清盤轉為強制清盤的法律原則。
案情
迅澤航空備件有限公司(「該公司」)因為一項局部仲裁裁決而結欠Airbus Helicopters China HK Limited(「呈請人」)一筆重大債務。該公司通過一項特別決議案,以債權人自願清盤方式將該公司清盤。於債權人會議舉行時,另一陣營佔債務總額超過50% 的關連債權人(「關連債權人」)委任了他們選擇的清盤人(「清盤人」)。
Introduction
Summary
The Hong Kong Court and the US Bankruptcy Court have made conflicting comments regarding the discharge of New York law-governed debt by a foreign scheme of arrangement, where that scheme is the subject of recognition under Chapter 15 of the US Bankruptcy Code.
A recent Hong Kong Court of Appeal decision examined a creditor’s right to commence bankruptcy/insolvency proceedings where the petition debt arises from an agreement containing an exclusive jurisdiction clause in favour of a foreign court: Guy Kwok-Hung Lam v Tor Asia Credit Master Fund LP [2022] HKCA 1297.
An exclusive jurisdiction clause (EJC) is a clause in a contract limiting the determination of disputes under that contract to one agreed jurisdiction or forum. It has been unclear whether an EJC could be relied upon to dispute a debt in the context of bankruptcy proceedings. It is trite that a bona fide dispute on the debt on substantial grounds is sufficient for a bankruptcy or winding-up petition to fail.
一、股东的责任
一般来说,股东只就其认购股份的出资承担责任,而如果公司无偿债能力进而清盘,股东层面并不负有任何法律责任。但仍需注意可能存在的例外情况,例如:
第一,穿透公司法人人格向股东追索。如某人在已有债务的情况下,通过将财产转移给新设立公司的方法逃避该既有债务,法院可能判令要求穿透公司面纱。而在实践中该法律原则因要求严格,很少能够被使用。
第二,股东参与到公司有欺诈目的的资产转移当中,或作为不正当的协助者、不正当的收受财产者,或者参与策划该欺诈行为等。
二、董事和公司管理人员的责任
在清盘开始后,董事实际上失去了管理公司的权力,但是由于董事的地位,其需要在以下两种情形下承担责任:一是如果他违反了原本就对公司负有的义务,清盘人代表公司能够向董事进行追责;二是在清盘前和清盘过程中,董事均负有特定的责任。
一方面,董事负有一般的对公司的信义义务,包括为公司利益行使权利,为公司避免利益冲突等,以及其他法定义务,比如董事必须采取一切合理步骤确保公司备存及保留会计记录至少7年(如有),以及必须确保公司按时提交财务报表等。如这些行为已经发生,董事可能需要承担责任。
Where a creditor’s bankruptcy petition is presented in Hong Kong, should it be allowed to proceed if the petition debt, which the debtor disputes, arises from an agreement which contains an exclusive jurisdiction clause in favour of a foreign court?
On 30 August 2022, the Hong Kong Court of Appeal overturned the Court of First Instance's decision in the case of Guy Kwok-Hung Lam v Tor Asia Credit Master Fund LP and held that a creditor's bankruptcy petition presented in Hong Kong should not be allowed to proceed where the petitioned debt was disputed and arose from an agreement with an exclusive jurisdiction clause in favour of a foreign court.
Heidi Chui, Stevenson, Wong & Co
This is an extract from the 2023 edition of GRR's The Asia-Pacific Restructuring Review. The whole publication is available here.
In summary