In the wake of the global financial crisis, Hong Kong’s key financial regulators, the Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) and the Insurance Authority (IA), have jointly issued a consultation paper (Paper) that outlines proposals for establishing a resolution regime for significant financial institutions (FIs) that are in crisis or likely to collapse.
Foreign companies are frequently used to hold assets or other investments in Hong Kong. Some of these foreign companies are not registered under Part XI of the Companies Ordinance (“CO”) (“Unregistered Companies”). There are various reasons for not registering foreign companies in Hong Kong, including confidentiality and tax benefits. However, there may be some drawbacks to this approach.
Proposed changes in Italian law mean that it should become easier to create certain types of security in Italy and to recover debt. The relevant law is Decree-law no. 59/2016 (“Urgent provisions on insolvency and executive procedures’’) which came into force on 4 May 2016 and which should be converted into binding law by early July.
The main changes introduced by the Decree are as follows:
In a recent landmark judgment dated 21 February 2016 the Dubai Court of First Instance decided in favour of a foreign shareholder, against a local Emirati, in a winding up petition. This is contrary to the long established protectionist trend employed by Courts in the United Arab Emirates. What is even more surprising is that the Court, in reaching its decision, has adopted a purposive approach, rather than simply applying the black letter of the law, as has traditionally been the case.
Case Details
With COVID-19 causing ever increasing financial uncertainty around the globe, we thought it an apt time to provide you with a summary of the various corporate insolvency procedures in the UK applicable to companies facing financial difficulties. Taking each in turn, we will discuss administration, administrative receivership, company voluntary arrangements, schemes of arrangement and liquidation. We will also touch briefly on directors’ duties, rules relating to asset distribution on insolvency and transactions that may be set aside on insolvency or ‘reviewable’ transactions.
随着新冠肺炎疫情在全球范围内持续引发财务不确定性，我们认为是时候简要介绍英国法适用于陷入财务困境的公司的各种公司破产程序。下文将依次讨论管理程序 (administration)、接管程序 (administrative receivership)、公司自愿安排 (company voluntary arrangement)、债务偿还安排 (schemes of arrangement) 和破产清算 (liquidation)。此外，还将简述董事职责、有关破产中资产分配的规则以及在破产中可撤销或“可审查”的交易。
在本专业概要发文之前，英国商务、能源与产业战略部于2020年3月28日发布公告，旨在帮助处于破产拯救或重整程序中的公司继续开展交易，避免破产。简言之，英国商务大臣宣布：
Earth: how to ensure your customer’s insolvency leaves a sweet not a sour taste in the mouth and get paid in the event of insolvency
Absent a retention of title clause (or any other protective clause in a contract – see Part 1 in this series ), a creditor of an insolvent company has the following options.
在与向英国供货的国际公司合作的过程中，我们发现了一些常见问题。在上一篇文章中，我们研究了客户可能面临的破产程序类型。在“五行”系列第四篇文章中，我们围绕“火”元素来说明破产执业者在进入破产程序时拥有的重大权力：调查不当行为，并将资产收回统一偿还债权人。
火：破产执业者对债权人欺诈性交易的重大权力
破产执业者(不论是清算人或管理人)可以向法院申请撤销在公司进入破产程序前进行的特定交易。通过这种方式，可以收回资产或资金，统一向债权人偿付。下列情形属于“先前的”或“可审查”的交易：
- 公司的资产或财产被低价出售；
- 公司在进入破产程序前给予某债权人优先权，使其处于比其他债权人更有利的地位；
- 公司订立了敲诈性信贷交易（交易条款有严重的敲诈性）；
- 公司设立了无效浮动抵押，即为已发放的贷款或已提供的货物及服务的成本提供担保；
- 公司订立的交易具有欺诈债权人的明确目的，即：使公司的资产脱离破产执业者和债权人的控制范围。
不同类型的可审查交易有不同的时间要求。例如，低价出售必须发生在公司进入破产程序前的两年内。
Five Elements for Chinese Companies trading with UK counterparts Part 1: Gold
中英企业交易中的“五行”元素——第一部分：金
在与向英国供货的国际公司合作的过程中，我们发现了一些常见问题。本系列五篇文章围绕“五行”的各个元素展开探讨，指出了供应商在和英国客户做生意过程中面临的关键风险，以及供应商如何才能最好地保护自己，从而确保其商务活动和商业关系的和谐。第一个元素“金”确保供应商得到应得的货款，避免或尽量减少风险、困难和难以解决的困境。
金：及时获得全额付款，让您的业务和商业关系发展壮大
在协助我们的国际贸易客户处理的各种事项中，最常见的是追款。因此，我们建议所有供应商在签订合同或根据标准商业条款向客户供货时，确保在客户违约的情况下尽可能让自己处于最有利的境地。
对供应商而言，最有利的索赔是财产索赔。根据所有权保留条款，在客户未付清货款前，供应商仍对交付给客户的货物拥有所有权。如果客户破产，供应商有权收回货物（或收取货款）。
其他合同保护措施包括：