Chapter 15 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 1501 et seq., provides the legal framework by which U.S. bankruptcy courts recognize foreign insolvency proceedings of companies that have assets and operations in more than one country. Congress added Chapter 15 to the Bankruptcy Code with the enactment of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. Like any new law, the application and limits of Chapter 15 are developing through jurisprudence.
Creditors are often compelled to commence expensive and time consuming litigation to first prosecute their claims and then locate and seize a debtor's assets. During this lengthy and costly process, the debtor's assets are dissipated and the creditor may realize only a fraction of its claim. The Bankruptcy Code1 allows a trustee to liquidate a debtor's assets in a cost-effective, expeditious manner. Because of this, involuntary bankruptcy is a powerful tool that can expedite and maximize payments to affected creditors.
Freight brokers are well-accustomed to bankruptcy preference actions. Those actions, which are permitted under the Bankruptcy Code, allow a debtor, trustee or other bankruptcy estate representative to claw back payments made on account of antecedent debt in the 90 days prior to a bankruptcy filing. Trade creditors, especially those in the transportation industry, are often faced with significant preference claims because they provide service to debtors up until (and sometimes after) the debtor’s bankruptcy filing.
A Delaware bankruptcy court has joined what appears to be a recent trend toward invalidating limited liability company operating agreement provisions that effectively afford lenders veto power over the LLC’s authority to file for bankruptcy protection; the court found one such provision void as contrary to federal public policy. In re Intervention Energy Holdings, LLC, et al., Case No. 16-11247 (KJC) (D.I. 69), 2016 W.L. ___________ (Bankr. D. Del. June 3, 2016).
Many lenders attempt to render their borrower bankruptcy remote by requiring the borrower to have on its board a director, known as a “blocking director,” whose consent is required for any bankruptcy filing. However, in doing so, the lender needs to make sure the organizational documents which impose this condition on the buyer comply with requirements of the law of the state in which the borrower is organized. If they don’t, a lack of the blocking director’s consent may not prevent the borrower from filing bankruptcy.
Many creditors who have supplied goods to a debtor before a bankruptcy case begins think their only prospects for recovery will be pennies on the dollar. While often times, pre-petition claims are relegated to receive small, if any, distributions, there is a unique carve-out in Section 503(b)(9) of the Bankruptcy Code that elevates “goods” supplied in the 20 days before a bankruptcy filing to administrative expense status.
The preparation and filing of a debtor’s schedules of assets and liabilities is a routine but important aspect of nearly every bankruptcy case. A debtor’s schedules provide critical information to creditors and other parties in interest, the Office of the United States Trustee, and the bankruptcy court.
Although it has been over ten years since a hurricane made landfall in Florida, now is the time for those involved in bankruptcy filings to consider the impact a hurricane can have on proceedings and take the necessary steps to avoid getting caught in a storm of financial disarray.
One goal of bankruptcy for individuals is the discharge of debts, meaning that, upon the successful completion of their bankruptcy case, the debtor is no longer personally responsible for the obligations owed prior to the bankruptcy filing. There are certain exceptions to the discharge that apply to particular debts, generally for obligations on debts that are either preferred (such as certain taxes or support obligations) or debts that were incurred under circumstances perceived as bad acts (such as willful and malicious injury or fraud).
The power of a debtor or trustee to avoid preferential transfers that benefit certain creditors over others is critical to achieving one of the primary tenets of the Bankruptcy Code – the equality of treatment among all creditors. This ability to recover preferences prevents a debtor from favoring certain creditors over others by transferring property in the time leading up to a bankruptcy filing. Although these preference powers are broad, they are restrained by certain conditions, including a minimum threshold on amounts that can be avoided.