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The High Court has held that where companies have adopted the model articles without amendment, any sole director acting has the power to pass resolutions acting alone.

With administration figures creeping back up after falling to low levels during the pandemic, the number of pre-pack sales of businesses in administration also appears to be on the increase. In such transactions, a purchaser acquires all, or substantially all, of the business and assets of the insolvent company from the administrator, with the terms of the deal being agreed pre-appointment and completion usually taking place immediately after the administrator takes office.

The High Court has held an original tenant and guarantor of a lease liable for unpaid sums due where the new tenant had compromised its liabilities under the lease pursuant to a restructuring plan under Part 26A of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006). Read on for our analysis of Oceanfill Limited v Nuffield Health Wellbeing Limited and Cannons Group Limited [2022] EWHC 2178 (Ch).

The lease and licence to assign

From 1 November 2022, the Official Receivers' deposit fee to be paid by petitioners initiating a creditor bankruptcy or compulsory liquidation proceeding is to increase. For creditor bankruptcy petitions, the fee will increase from £990 to £1,500 and for compulsory liquidation proceedings it will rise from £1,600 to £2,600. These increases are the first since April 2016 and are reported to have been introduced at least in part due to the relatively low level of recent insolvencies.

一、股东的责任

一般来说,股东只就其认购股份的出资承担责任,而如果公司无偿债能力进而清盘,股东层面并不负有任何法律责任。但仍需注意可能存在的例外情况,例如:

第一,穿透公司法人人格向股东追索。如某人在已有债务的情况下,通过将财产转移给新设立公司的方法逃避该既有债务,法院可能判令要求穿透公司面纱。而在实践中该法律原则因要求严格,很少能够被使用。

第二,股东参与到公司有欺诈目的的资产转移当中,或作为不正当的协助者、不正当的收受财产者,或者参与策划该欺诈行为等。

二、董事和公司管理人员的责任

在清盘开始后,董事实际上失去了管理公司的权力,但是由于董事的地位,其需要在以下两种情形下承担责任:一是如果他违反了原本就对公司负有的义务,清盘人代表公司能够向董事进行追责;二是在清盘前和清盘过程中,董事均负有特定的责任。

一方面,董事负有一般的对公司的信义义务,包括为公司利益行使权利,为公司避免利益冲突等,以及其他法定义务,比如董事必须采取一切合理步骤确保公司备存及保留会计记录至少7年(如有),以及必须确保公司按时提交财务报表等。如这些行为已经发生,董事可能需要承担责任。

企业出现债务危机后,可能最终不得不走向破产清算的结局。通常而言,处于债务危机中的企业已存在无偿债能力(insolvent)的情况,不能藉由公司自行注销的程序完成注销公司;否则,未经清盘程序注销的公司有可能仍被债权人申请恢复,并继续追索债务,届时会给公司股东或董事带来不必要的麻烦。相应地,虽然清盘后解散的公司在法律上仍有可能被恢复,但仅限于清盘过程中遗漏重大债权或资产的情况等,通常不会出现这种情况。

根据《公司(清盘及杂项条文)条例》(香港条例第32章)第169条,香港公司清盘方式可分为两大类:第一类是由法院强制清盘;第二类是自愿清盘,而自愿清盘又可以分为股东自愿清盘与债权人自愿清盘两种。各路径均能令香港公司清盘,并在彻底厘清与处理资产及债务情况下宣告公司解散。本文为上篇,将简要介绍香港公司清盘的程序。

一、股东自愿清盘

股东自愿清盘是指公司可以自行由股东会进行特别决议,或董事会层面作出决议,宣布公司进行清盘,并委任清盘人进行清盘程序。根据《公司(清盘及杂项条文)条例》(香港条例第32章)第228条、229条和233条的要求,董事需要在清盘决议前的5个星期内发出一份《有偿债能力证明书》,说明董事已经详细地调查过公司事务,并认为在未来12个月内能够还清各项债务。

In July, the Government published its report on The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) introducing two new Model Laws with the aim of improving harmonisation of international trade and insolvency procedures: the Model Law on Enterprise Group Insolvency (MLEG) and the Model Law on Recognition and Enforcement of Insolvency-Related Judgments (MLIJ).The Insolvency Service is proposing to adopt the new measures contained in the MLEG and MLIJ as set out below.

在各类跨境投资的项目中,投资人最担心的问题莫过于被投企业的财务状况出现困境,影响其持续经营能力和偿债能力并最终演变为债务危机,或者集团的持股结构、治理结构不够透明,各种交叉持股盘根错节。在重组过程中,投资者可能会帮助公司梳理、调整各种投资主体架构,而企业为了解除投资者顾虑,有时也会主动进行投资主体架构的重组和优化,包括把多余的主体和结构层级精简掉。

在跨境投资的架构中,往往涉及到多层持股架构,开曼公司、BVI公司以及香港公司都是常见的持股主体。如果我们在重组中需要把这些主体精简注销,需要走什么样的程序,复杂不复杂?在本文中,我们将与大家分享开曼豁免有限公司的清盘和解散,并且后续文章中陆续与大家分享其他法域主体的清算和注销。

The corporate insolvency statistics for Q2 2022 paint a worrying picture for UK businesses. With inflation at a 40-year high, fuelled by soaring gas and electricity bills, food prices and wage increases, the cost of living crisis is taking hold across the economy.