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On 11 July 2019, HMRC published a policy paper discussing measures which are aimed at those  taxpayers who “unfairly seek to reduce their tax bill by misusing the insolvency of companies”.  This will be achieved by making directors and other persons connected to those companies jointly and severally liable for the avoidance, evasion or “phoenixism” debts of the corporate entity.

An explanatory note and draft legislation set out the conditions that must be satisfied in order to enable an authorised HMRC officer to issue a “joint liability notice” to an individual.

This article was first published in Digital Asset.

“Immutable” is a term that is frequently used when people talk about blockchain and the benefit of using this technology for record-keeping.

一、嵌套的本质:收益权的收益权

嵌套,根据资管新规第二十二条和第二十七条的表述,是指甲资管产品投资乙资管产品的份额。即通过一项资产所设立的产品成为了另外一个产品投资的对象,形成了产品之中还包含产品的现象。

资产端的嵌套的本质上是以收益权为中心的权利虚化与重叠。试看下述两例:

图一

(2016)最高法民终215号案(下称“215号案”,见图一)中,定向资管计划从某投资公司受让了私募债券的收益权,而某银行又从定向资管计划受让了该资管计划的收益权,即“私募债券收益权的收益权”。其中,“私募债券收益权”是在“私募债券”这一概念中分离和抽象出来的虚化标的,“私募债券收益权的收益权”则是在“私募债券收益权”基础上进一步抽象出来的虚化标的,构成 “二重虚化的合同标的”。该案中的多层嵌套结构,如我们之前在《“收益权”创制问题的旧题新解》中分析,本质上就是以高度重合的标的进行的叠加式融资交易。

图二

2019年6月17日,中央国债登记结算有限责任公司(以下简称“中央结算公司”)发布《中央结算公司担保品违约处置业务指引(试行)》,银行间市场清算所股份有限公司(以下简称“上海清算所”)发布《银行间市场清算所股份有限公司债券回购违约处置业务实施细则(试行)》和《银行间市场清算所股份有限公司回购债券拍卖处置业务实施细则(试行)》,以及全国银行间同业拆借中心(以下简称“同业拆借中心”)发布《全国银行间同业拆借中心回购违约处置实施细则(试行)》(前述文件以下统称为“违约处置新规”,三家机构统称为“处置机构”),共同构建及明确银行间债券市场的债券违约处置新制度,开创银行间债券市场债券快速处置新阶段。

处置新规的发布,立即引发了境内外市场参与者的密切关注以及对相关问题的深入探讨。6月20日,中央结算公司及同业拆借中心也分别通过中国债券信息网(www.chinabond.com.cn)和微信公众号“CfetsOnline发布” 进一步发布了关于违约处置新规的答疑。

基于对违约处置新规的解读以及我们与相关市场参与者的讨论,我们拟通过本文做一些初步梳理、探讨和展望。

为创新经济发展模式、扩大对外开放力度,国家设立大湾区并着力将其打造为充满活力的世界级城市群和内地与港澳深度合作示范区。从定位不难看出,实行充分的市场经济和法治经济,为全国经济发展提供新的引擎和全新的模式,无疑是粤港澳大湾区的重要使命。要完成这一神圣使命,离不开破产重整制度。通过破产重整,挽救那些一时陷入财务困境和经营困境的企业,从而为湾区经济健康发展保驾护航。SX公司通过破产重整涅槃重生,就是破产重整制度保驾护航的典型案例。

一、企业初探:破产重整的机遇与挑战

1、SX公司基本情况

SX公司成立于1981年,于1994年在深交所上市,总股本约35000万股,其中流通股18000万股,限售流通股17000万股。

SX公司控股或参股四家实业公司,分别为科技公司、实业公司、饲料公司和西部公司。

2、SX公司重整受理情况

因不能清偿到期债务,经债权人饲料公司申请,深圳市中级人民法院(下称深圳中院)于2009年11月10日裁定SX公司进入重整程序,并指定北京市金杜(深圳)律师事务所担任管理人。

For some time now, there has been uncertainty in Australian insolvency law about whether or not insolvency practitioners should apply the statutory priority regimes established by sections 433, 566 and 561 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) when distributing the assets of a “trading trust”. The decision of the New South Wales Supreme Court in Re Independent Contractor Services (Aust) Pty Ltd (In liq) [No 2] (2016) 305 FLR 222, and the myriad of cases that followed it, suggested that the answer was “no”.

Insolvency of the suspected fraudster may seem the end of the hunt, unless an egg-hunter can establish a proprietary interest in the assets (see our blog yesterday). But it can offer additional clues, or alternative pots of treasure, whether the fraudster is an individual or corporate entity.

On 26 February 2019, HMRC launched a consultation entitled “Protecting your tax in insolvency”, on the government’s proposal to make HMRC a secondary preferential creditor for taxes paid by employees and customers (the new powers are contained in the proposed Finance Bill 2019-20).

Australia’s corporate insolvency laws are in a process of significant change.

The latest proposed reform concerns the controversial practice of “phoenixing”. In recent months and years, phoenixing has attracted attention from a wide band of Australian regulators.

The Phoenixing Bill