As many parties expected, on March 17, 2023 SVB Financial Group (“SVB Financial” or the “Debtor”) the holding company for Silicon Valley Bank, commenced a case under chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) in the Southern District of New York. Judge Martin Glenn has been assigned to the chapter 11 case. Neither Silicon Valley Bank, currently in FDIC receivership, nor its successor Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (“SV Bridge Bank”), were included in the chapter 11 filing.
A lot of ink has been spilled in the last 72 hours regarding the historic developments involving Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Our quick summary of the facts and law is below. Cadwalader will continue to monitor these developments closely and will update you with additional insights.
Key Points:
Executive Summary:
近年来,越来越多的企业面临债务困境,由于该等企业较多成立时间久、体量巨大,且存在经营多元化、债权债务形式多样化的情形,企业资金链的断裂易引发债务风险,实践中迫切需要进行债务重组,使债权人得到受偿,让企业重获新生。从目前情况来看,信托工具越来越多地被应用于债务重组中,包括在破产重整前的债务重组阶段,也包括在破产重整阶段。根据中国信托业协会于2022年12月12日发布的《2022年3季度中国信托业发展评析》,截至2022年3季度末,我国信托资产规模余额约为21.07万亿元。另根据建信信托有限责任公司(“建信信托”)发布的《建信信托2021年年度报告》,截至2021年12月31日,建信信托破产重整服务信托规模超2,300亿元[1];根据中信信托有限责任公司(“中信信托”)发布的《中信信托二〇二一年年度报告》,截至2021年12月31日,中信信托特殊资产服务信托业务受托规模近160亿元[2]。
In the past six months, four major players in the crypto space have filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection: Celsius Network, Voyager Digital, FTX, and BlockFi, and more may be forthcoming. Together, the debtors in these four bankruptcy cases are beholden to hundreds of thousands of creditors. The bulk of the claims in these cases are customer claims related to cryptocurrency held on the debtors’ respective platforms. These customer claimants deposited or “stored” fiat currency and cryptocurrencies on the debtors’ platforms.
On November 29, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, sent requests for information to the CEOs of six of the largest crypto exchanges. The requests seek information about the safeguards each exchange has put in place to protect customers’ assets in the event they file for bankruptcy or otherwise experience financial distress.
Overview of this submission
以物抵债,指债权人与债务人之间存在金钱债务,双方约定将债务人财产作价交付债权人抵偿债务的行为。实践中,主要分为两种类型,包括当事人双方协商的以物抵债和民事强制执行程序中的以物抵债程序,本文仅就前种以物抵债类型进行探讨。
近年来,随着新冠疫情影响,经济形势发生变化,再加上政策调控等多重因素打击,导致地产行业遭遇寒冬,现金流频繁遭受考验。迫于资金回款压力,为了缓解僵局,地产企业推出“工抵房”“内部房”等房源以期减轻对外负债或实现现金回流。其中,“工抵房”也被称为工程抵款房,是开发商用于给工程方抵扣工程款的一种方式,也是大众所俗称以物抵债的一种常见形式。虽然,工程方的需求是现金而并非房屋,但目前经济形势下,工程方面临开发商无款支付的现实局面,只能无奈被迫接受“工抵房”。尽管“工抵房”的出现使得开发商不再面临房子无路销售的难题,同时解决了部分应付款项;工程方能获得部分“工抵房”以解决工程资金被长期拖欠的难题;购房者可以更低价格买到“工抵房”从而降低购房成本,这一循环链看似多赢,实则隐藏大量法律风险。本文将从“工抵房”的角度,以工抵债权人的视角,对以物抵债的性质、模式、法律风险等维度进行分析,以期对实践和后续研究有所贡献。
一、以物抵债协议的性质
“以房抵债”安排,原常见于缓解开发商在开发过程中少量资金短缺的问题,但部分房地产企业逐渐将其演化作为平衡资金需求的工具,签订大量的“以房抵债”协议,在出现现金流危机、甚至濒临破产的情况下,无力偿还欠款,也无力建完房屋交付债权人,使得“以房抵债”的实现问题变得愈加尖锐。而在理论和实践中,“以房抵债”也存在较多的争议,即便表面上均具备相似的特征,由于个案事实细微的差别,或是裁判观点不同,导致不同的判决结果。故此,本文拟就“以房抵债”在破产程序中可能面临的不同效果进行梳理及探讨。
一、关于“以房抵债”的法律关系的厘清
实践中关于“以房抵债”存在着各种各样的约定,归纳起来,最为常见的为“以物抵债”类型的安排:通常发生在债务到期后(部分案件中可能发生在债务到期前),即以债务人或他人持有的房屋作为抵偿债务的“物”,通过折价转让给债权人的形式,实现债务清偿的目的。该种抵偿改变了原债权金钱给付的方式,在理论上,可称为“他种给付型以房抵债”。