The published judgment in Abbey Forwarding[1] will not make for comfortable reading for HMRC. Having instigated the winding up of a profitable business, which led to the dismissal of 23 employees, and accused innocent directors of fraud, HMRC then withdrew all assessments made against the company and attempted to avoid undertakings it had given to the court when seeking the original winding up order.
In Rainy Sky S.A and six others v Kookmin Bank [2011] UKSC 50, the Supreme Court provided useful guidance on the role of business common sense in construing a clause in a commercial contract, particularly in circumstances where there are competing plausible constructions, neither of which is clearly preferable on the language used alone.
The facts
Introduction
The recent decision by the Hong Kong* court in Re Ando Credit Ltd [2020] HKCFI 2775 marks its first appointment of provisional liquidators[1] over a Hong Kong company with the express purpose of allowing the liquidators to seek recognition in China Mainland.
近年市场竞争及经营环境不确定性持续增加的情况下,不少企业有可能面临营运及财务困难,导致债务违约的情况有上升的趋势。如果债务人资不抵债,债权人有权利用破产清盘的程序接管债务人的资产并尽量实现回收最大化。根据香港破产管理署公布的统计数字,在2019年1月至10月期间,强制公司清盘案及破产案呈请的数字达到7,062宗。我们藉此介绍近期香港法院就破产清盘颁发的两个重要判决。
1. 仲裁协议的存在是否会影响破产清盘程序的开展?
香港上诉法院近期在But Ka Chon v Interactive Brokers LLC [2019] HKCA 873一案中,考虑了债权相关的合同中约定有仲裁条款管辖的情况下,债权人利用法院破产清盘程序的权利会否受限。由于很多的商业协议均载有仲裁条款,法院的判决对债权人的权利及可采取的救济手段有重要意义。
在该案中,上诉人(证券公司客户,即债务人)与被上诉人(证券公司,即债权人)签订的客户协议约定双方之间的争议以仲裁解决。由于上诉人没有偿还保证金账户的欠款,债权人在香港法院申请上诉人破产。上诉人以双方已经约定仲裁为其中一个理由,请求上诉法院撤销债权人发出的法定偿债书。
In the event of a contractual counterparty going into liquidation, whether or not a trade counterparty may claim set-off against debts owed to the insolvent counterparty can dramatically affect the commercial position of the account debtor. This was recently highlighted in the decision of Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd v Forge Group Power Pty Ltd (In Liquidation) (Receivers and Managers appointed) [2017] WASC (2 June 2017).
What does this mean for you?
On 16 January 2015, Justice Beech, of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, handed down his decision in the matters of Hamersley HMS Pty Ltd v Davis [2015] WASC 14 and Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd v James [2015] WASC 10 (the Hamersley Decisions). In both matters, Hamersley sought to set aside determinations made by an adjudicator pursuant to the Construction Contracts Act 2004 (WA) (CCA) and Forge Group Construction Pty Ltd (In Liq) (Receivers and Managers Appointed) (Forge) sought leave to enforce the determinations.
In recent years, several foreign companies have used the English law scheme of arrangement as a flexible restructuring method to compromise creditor claims. The decision of the High Court in the latest of these cases, that of the German company Rodenstock GmbH, clarifies that an English court will accept jurisdiction where the only connection to England is that the company’s finance documents were governed by English law.
引言
香港法院最近在Re Ando Credit Ltd [2020] HKCFI 2775一案中,首次批准一家香港公司任命临时清盘人[1],并明确旨在允许该临时清盘人向中国内地法院寻求内地法律的承认和执行。
优先清算权条款是境外风险投资项目的常见条款,随后逐渐在国内私募股权投资文件中采用。很多投资人关心,这一舶来品能否获得中国司法机关的认可,我们简要分析如下:
一、什么是优先清算权
优先清算权,是指公司清算时,部分股东优先于其他股东获得剩余财产分配的权利;或者,在约定的“视同清算事件”发生时,部分股东优先于其他股东从公司获得收益的权利,“视同清算事件”通常包括公司合并、被并购、出售控股股权、出售主要资产等事件。
在私募股权投资项目中,投资人为保障其自身权益采用优先清算权条款,目的是:在公司经营不善遭遇清算时,投资人可以优先拿回一些补偿;在投资人无法通过公司上市退出,发生公司被并购等“视同清算事件”发生时,其能够优先收回其投资成本和一定程度的投资回报,实现资产变现。该条款可谓投资人的“分钱利器”。
二、如何看待该条款效力
《公司法》第34条明确规定股东可以自由约定“利润分配”的比例。该条规定:“股东按照实缴的出资比例分取红利;公司新增资本时,股东有权优先按照实缴的出资比例认缴出资。但是,全体股东约定不按照出资比例分取红利或者不按照出资比例优先认缴出资的除外。”
作为2016年整个航运界最震憾的事件,世界第七大集装箱航运商韩国韩进海运的破产案件最进又有了新进展。据外媒报道,在经历了近半年的重整努力后,2017年2月17日,韩国首尔中区法院正式裁定韩进海运破产。至此,这起航运史上最大的破产案件终于尘埃落定。据悉,韩进海运大部分的资产已经被拍卖用于偿债。
韩进海运在2016年9月进入重整程序后采取了哪些自救措施?这桩全球航运业有史以来最大的破产案涉及哪些航运企业跨境破产法律问题?我们将在下文逐一分析。
特殊的运营模式对航运企业的保护作用
为规避法律风险,现代航运企业多采取单船公司结构,单船公司之间彼此互不隶属。另外,除购买外,航运企业多采取租赁方式扩大商船运力。据报道,在韩进海运的全部运力中,仅有不足10%是由其自有船舶完成的。换言之,我们看到的航行在大洋上的、涂有HanJin Shipping字样的船舶里超过90%其实并不是韩进海运公司的财产。