"The law on 'knowing receipt' has perplexed judges and academics alike for several decades" – Lord Burrows (paragraph 99).
En octobre 2020, la Commission européenne a approuvé une mesure de recapitalisation d'environ 833 millions EUR, notifiée par la Suède et le Danemark, en faveur de SAS. Cette mesure était fondée sur l’Encadrement temporaire relatif aux aides d'État dans le contexte de la crise du COVID-19.
Resumen Ejecutivo:
10 years after the publication of Revision 6 (2014 edition) of the Model Form of Contract for the design, supply and installation of electrical, electronic and mechanical plant (MF/1), the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) has released Revision 7 (2024 edition), shortly followed by an erratum containing a summary of corrections.
Regular users of the MF/1 may be comforted to know that the risk profile of the contract has not changed though the door has been opened to extending the duration of liability for latent defects, as discussed below.
Executive Summary:
In October 2020, the European Commission approved a recapitalisation measure of approximately €833 million, notified by Sweden and Denmark, in favour of SAS. This measure was adopted under the State aid COVID-19 Temporary framework.
Ryanair challenged the Commission decision and secured its annulment by the General Court of the EU in May 2023 (Case T-238/21). In late 2022, SAS entered a collective insolvency proceeding. Following the annulment of the 2020 decision, the Commission approved again in November 2023 the recapitalisation measure.
“债权平等原则”或“同债同权”是债权权利的一项基本原则，在破产程序中直接体现为概括清偿及同类债权公平清偿，在重整程序中则体现为破产法第82条所规定之重整程序下依照债权分类进行分组表决、第87条所规定之申请法院强裁应确保重整计划草案公平对待同一表决组成员等。然而在我国破产重整案件实践中，重整计划区分对待金融债权与非金融债权（或称经营性债权），进而导致同属同一债权组但在清偿安排中存在不同清偿安排的情况大量存在。就相关案例而言，金融债权人往往处于劣势一方，虽存在质疑重整计划违反债权平等原则的呼声，却因金融债权偏重合规维权路线等各方面考量，金融债权人较少切实采取行动来维护“同债同权”权益诉求。考虑到目前区别对待金融债权与非金融债权逐渐成为实践惯例，金融债权人的债权权利不断受到挑战，“同债同权”原则正陷入严峻困境。
基于此，有必要正视重整程序中同类债权差异化清偿问题，对其成因、影响加以体系化梳理并溯本求源。考虑到重整程序内同类债权不同清偿安排集中体现于普通债权一类,故本文聚焦重整程序中普通债权内的差异化清偿来展开分析。
一、普通债权差异化清偿的发端及表现
Court dismisses challenge to pay to be paid clause in charterers’ liability insurance
MS Amlin Marine NV on behalf of MS Amlin Syndicate AML/2001 -v- King Trader Ltd & others (Solomon Trader) [2024] EWHC 1813 (Comm)
In a dispute over whether third parties were prevented by a “pay to be paid” clause from bringing a claim against insurers under a charterers’ liability insurance, the Court has confirmed that, in the context of marine insurance, such clauses are valid and will be upheld.
重组上市交易（或称借壳上市）通常指收购方（或称借壳方）在取得上市公司控制权的同时或一定期间内，实施重大资产重组将外部资产注入上市公司，以使得上市公司主营业务、资产或收入发生根本变化，实现上市公司业务发展方向的转变，实现借壳方资产证券化的一种交易形式。上市公司作为交易主体参与此类交易，且该类交易的实施流程及审核流程与其他类型的上市公司控制权交易差别较大，本篇作为上市公司控制权收购专题系列文章的最后一篇，拟专题介绍A股重组上市的市场情况、交易架构，并进一步分析此类交易中的重点关注问题。
一、重组上市市场动态
经统计2011年至2024年6月30日期间成功完成的重组上市项目，各年度项目数量变化趋势、各板块占比及民营企业与国资企业占比情况如下：
The Annual Budget 2024 was presented by the Finance Minister on July 23, 2024. The Modi Government in past 10 years has introduced various ambitious policies and schemes including Atmanirbhar (self-reliant) Bharat - promoting domestic manufacturing, and latest vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047. India has been on the path of fiscal consolidation and reduction of fiscal deficit has been the key agenda of the Government. It is expected that the fiscal deficit will fall below 4.5% in FY2025-26 from 5.6% in FY2023-24.
Key Reforms