On July 15, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that private student loans are not explicitly exempt from the discharge of debt granted to debtors in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. According to the opinion, the plaintiff filed for Chapter 7, which led to an ambiguous discharge order as to how it applied to his roughly $12,000 direct-to-consumer student loans.

On April 12, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Massachusetts entered judgment in favor of a national bank, determining that the plaintiff failed to, among other things, “carry his burden to prove that he incurred injury” concerning economic or emotional distress damages as a result of the original lender’s violations.

On April 6, the Small Business Administration (SBA) updated its Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) frequently asked questions to clarify when an applicant or owner is no longer considered to be “presently involved in any bankruptcy” for PPP loan eligibility purposes.

On March 19, 2021, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit issued its decision in In re Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 2021 WL 1046485 (3rd Cir. Mar. 19, 2021), affirming lower courts’ decisions rejecting “triangular setoff” agreements as a proper basis for the application of setoff rights under section 553 of the Bankruptcy Code.

n December 21, 2020, Congress passed the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 (the Act), which was just signed by President Donald Trump. The Act makes certain amendments to the United States Bankruptcy Code (the Bankruptcy Code) relating to small business bankruptcies commenced under Subchapter V of Chapter 11, as well as to individual bankruptcies under Chapters 7, 11, 12, and 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. This article highlights those changes to the Bankruptcy Code that small businesses should consider utilizing in weighing the benefits and potential costs of filing for bankruptcy.

On November 25, the U.S. Court of Appeals vacated summary judgment in favor of defendants in an action alleging the defendants violated the FDCPA by attempting to collect a debt that was discharged in a bankruptcy proceeding and no longer owed.

On August 12, the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado reversed in part a bankruptcy court judgment, concluding that the OCC’s valid-when-made rule applied but that discovery was needed to determine whether a nonbank entity was the true lender.

The Federal bank regulators which supervise banks have made a statement encouraging workouts necessitated by the coronavirus. Loans which would otherwise be classified as TDRs (Troubled Loan Restructurings) will not have to be classified as such under certain conditions. For example, if the workout was necessitated by the pandemic and if the loan was otherwise in good standing as of December 31, 2019. The government’s intent is clear: Everyone gains more by a workout or restructuring than by liquidation or litigation. Value is often severely diminished in bankruptcy or in a liquidation.

Faced with constantly evolving circumstances in these challenging times, officers and directors should not lose sight of what is arguably their most important corporate role–that is, as a fiduciary. The question, particularly as a corporation’s financial situation changes and restructuring is being considered, is: Who is that fiduciary duty owed to? Unfortunately, the answer depends on whether the corporation is insolvent or near insolvent, which is why being vigilant now will help avoid scrutiny by creditors later.

When Financial Stress Turns to Distress–Restructuring Tools to Avoid Disaster

Parts 1 and 2: Chapter 11 Checklist and What Else Is in the Toolbox