Introduction
On March 30, 2022, in the context of receivership proceedings of Balanced Energy Oilfield Services Inc., Balanced Energy Oilfield Services (USA) Inc. and Balanced Energy Holdings Inc. (collectively, the Debtors), the Court of Queen’s Bench of Alberta (the Court) issued an order, among other things
根据测算,截止2022年年初,国内烂尾项目规模已经超过2万亿,随着2021年大型房地产公司接连“暴雷”,势必会产生更多的烂尾或接近烂尾的项目。对于商业逻辑自洽的单体项目破产重组,借助破产清算或重整程序分兵突围势必成为地方政府主导重整的最优路径。但是鉴于目前的房地产市场行情以及烂尾项目续建的特点,大部分重整投资人,尤其是财务投资类型的重整投资人更倾向于采用固定收益的方式进行项目重整,既能实现维护稳定的社会效果,又能最大限度地保证投资安全。因此,如何在当前法律架构下保障固定收益重整投资人的利益是本文中讨论的主要问题。
一 重整投资人的收益模式对比
重整投资人参与烂尾项目的收益模式大致可以分为固定收益模式、风险收益模式和固定加风险收益模式。不同的收益模式下重整投资人有不同的投资逻辑,也有不同的退出模式。我们从投入、收益、风险以及安全性角度对固定收益模式与风险收益模式进行了比较。
(一)固定收益模式
固定收益模式的特点是重整投资人投入重整资金,约定固定收益率,在最终财产变现所得中优先收回投资本金及收益,项目剩余资产全部用于债权清偿。
根据全国人大常委会执法检查组关于检查企业破产法实施情况的报告,党的十八大以来,随着供给侧结构性改革持续深化,加快建立和完善市场主体挽救和退出机制,加之新冠肺炎疫情对于宏观经济运行的深刻影响,我国企业破产案件数量快速上升,2017年至2020年受理和审结的破产案件分别占到《企业破产法》实施以来案件总量的54%和41%。[1]区别于传统的中小企业破产重整,大型或超大型企业集团的资产结构复杂、债务规模巨大、历史遗留问题众多,进入破产重整程序之后,如何在《企业破产法》的框架下实现资产重组与债务清偿、持续运营与杠杆处置、重整效率与债权人保护等多重利益关系的合理平衡,成为破产实务中的难点与痛点。随着2021年B集团实质合并重整案(以下简称“B集团重整案”)和海航集团等三百二十一家公司实质合并重整案(以下简称“海航集团重整案”)中信托计划的引入,破产重整程序中引入信托计划作为新型破产重整模式引起业界关注。本文将结合笔者在破产重整程序中设立信托计划的服务经验,简要介绍破产重整程序中信托计划定位与架构、信托机制与破产重整程序的衔接等相关实务难点问题,以供参考。
一. 破产重整程序中信托计划的概念和优势
Due to a number of factors, including the extent of available capital in the markets and the continued backstop provided by government programs designed to blunt the economic effects of the pandemic, 2021 was not the apocalypse many were predicting. Nevertheless, Canadian restructuring professionals and courts continued to confront and overcome issues in a number of important areas, including extraordinary first day relief, good faith and lack thereof, eligible financial contracts and liquidating Companies’ Creditors Arrangements Act (CCAA) proceedings.
On April 1, 2021, the Supreme Court of Canada dismissed an application for leave to appeal the decision of the Court of Appeal of Québec (QCA) in Séquestre de Media5 Corporation, 2020 QCCA 943, which had put an end to a long-lasting debate on the availability of ‘national’ receivers to Québec secured creditors. The decision of the QCA is now final.
Along with a tense election south of the border, 2020 brought COVID-19 and its attendant devastating loss of life and far-ranging economic implications, both positive and negative. The world now looks to 2021 with significant uncertainty with respect to what comes next. Certain sectors of the economy, in particular, may be irreparably damaged.
In Chandos Construction Ltd. v Deloitte Restructuring Inc., the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed the application of the common law anti-deprivation rule in the context of a Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA) proceeding.
Earlier this year, the Ontario Court of Appeal released its decision in Urbancorp Cumberland 2 GP Inc. (Re)[PDF], which clarifies the scope and effectiveness of a section 9(1) vendor’s trust under the Ontario Construction Lien Act in insolvency proceedings.
On July 20, 2020, the Court of Appeal of Québec (the QCA) released its reasons in Séquestre de Media5 Corporation,[1] putting an end to a long-lasting debate on the availability of national receivers to Québec secured creditors.
受疫情影响,英国越来越多的企业出现运营困难。虽然英国政府出台了多种补救措施,但仍会有很多企业将不可避免地面临破产。对因各种原因可能受到英国公司破产影响的中国公司或个人,本文将从英国破产法角度简要介绍英国公司破产程序、这些程序对于公司和普通债权人的保护,以及担任破产公司董事需要关注的问题。
一. 公司什么时候算破产?
英国的破产法规定主要来源于《1986年破产法》(Insolvency Act 1986)和《1986年破产规则》(Insolvency Rules 1986)。虽然《1986年破产法》没有给破产以明确的定义,但采用了"无力偿还债务"的概念。因此,在英国公司破产一般包含两种情况:一是公司没办法支付债务(现金流量破产 – Cash-flow insolvency),二是公司负债大于资产(资产负债表破产- Balance-sheet insolvency)。
现金流量破产一般表现为公司没办法支付其现有的债务。值得注意的是,即使公司可以支付现有债务,但如果没办法支付其在不远的未来产生的债务也将被视为破产。