Saudi Arabia today unveiled spending cuts in its 2016 budget, subsidy reforms and a call for privatizations to rein in a yawning deficit caused by the prolonged period of low oil prices, the Financial Times reported today. The Gulf kingdom has kept oil production at high levels in an attempt to force out higher-cost producers, such as shale, and retain its market share. But this year’s deficit ballooned to 367bn Saudi riyals ($97.9bn,) or 15 percent of gross domestic product, as oil revenues fell 23 percent to Sr444.5bn.

Saudi insolvency law has for some time been something of an unknown quantity for non-Saudis, The National Law Review reported. A wide-ranging reform is due to take effect in 2016, which will express elements of the rescue culture and is likely to make restructurings more common. Increased certainty in the outcome of insolvencies will benefit both Saudi businesses and domestic and foreign creditors alike.

Banks facing a surge in defaults on small company loans are closing off credit to the sector in the United Arab Emirates, in a sign of the increasingly brittle business confidence in the Gulf amid a sustained slump in oil prices, the Financial Times reported. AbdulAziz al Ghurair, head of the UAE Banks Federation, estimated loans to small and medium-sized enterprises totalling between Dh5bn and Dh7bn ($1.36bn-$1.9bn) were at risk of default after the country’s national body that pools information on banks’ loan exposure revealed over-borrowing by SMEs.

Saudi Arabia has decided to tap international bond markets for the first time, in a sign of the damage lower oil prices are inflicting on its public finances, the Financial Times reported. Saudi officials say the kingdom could increase debt levels to as much as 50 per cent of gross domestic product within five years, up from a forecasted 6.7 per cent this year and 17.3 per cent in 2016. Work on finalising the bond programme is likely to start in January, according to a senior official.

A softening in the United Arab Emirates' economy has led to a surge in small and medium-sized businesses defaulting on debt, dragging on banks' performance and highlighting the need for a new bankruptcy law, Reuters reported. In a country where a bounced cheque risks landing the issuer in jail, there have been hundreds of recent cases of expatriate business owners fleeing the country, or "skipping", with unpaid debts, banking sources say. Others who remain have defaulted on debt and in some cases been arrested.

The IMF has asked Saudi Arabia for more details of its plans to deal with its ballooning fiscal deficit, warning the world’s biggest oil producer could deplete its financial reserves within five years unless it builds on efforts to balance the budget, the Financial Times reported. Masood Ahmed, the IMF’s regional director, pressed Riyadh to outline details of its proposed spending cuts and clarify its position on additional revenue generation measures such as taxes, as it deals with a fiscal deficit hovering around 20 per cent this year and next.

An impediment to private enterprise and a major risk for banks has been the lack of a viable insolvency law. Ironically, UAE, which is an important international financial and business hub, has functioned without effective insolvency laws, which hurt its international reputation, Gulf News reported in an analysis. Prior to the global financial crisis of 2008, business failures were dealt with in an ad hoc manner and conflicts, when they rose, were often resolved through informal arrangements, facilitated by external negotiators.

Saudi Arabia has withdrawn tens of billions of dollars from global asset managers as the oil-rich kingdom seeks to cut its widening deficit and reduce exposure to volatile equities markets amid the sustained slump in oil prices, the Financial Times reported. The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency’s foreign reserves have slumped by nearly $73bn since oil prices started to decline last year as the kingdom keeps spending to sustain the economy and fund its military campaign in Yemen.

Indebted Kuwaiti financial firm Investment Dar is seeking court approval to help close a 813 million dinar ($2.7 billion) debt restructuring, according to an official document seen by Reuters. The new plan, called Dasman, is designed to overcome minority creditor dissent to earlier proposals by asking Kuwait's Court of Appeal to impose the deal on all creditors. The plan involves transferring Investment Dar's assets, and the management of their disposal, directly to creditors.

Fahad Al Raqbani, director general of Abu Dhabi Council for Economic Development, said that the long-awaited insolvency law in the United Arab Emirates is expected to contain provisions for corporate bankruptcy modeled on U.S. chapter 11 proceedings, The National reported yesterday. “Many companies in the US undergo Chapter 11 bankruptcy and then gain in momentum,” Raqbani said. “A given project may be successful, but also need restructuring.” The insolvency law was passed by the Cabinet in July.