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Turns out, it depends on who you ask. Judge Bernstein said no. Recently, Judge Glenn said yes, but only for causes of action that resemble actual fraudulent transfers. It is unusual for the bankruptcy judges in Manhattan to disagree with each other, so let’s take a look at the issue.

Background

In a first, the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York in the Arcapita Bank case had to decide whether Shari’a compliant investment agreements, providing for Murabaha and Wakala transactions, qualify for the safe harbor protections provided in the bankruptcy code for securities contracts, forwards and swaps. The court held that they do not. Since the opinion runs about 100 pages long, we attempt to distill some very basic facts concerning Shari’a compliant transactions and point to important holdings made by the court.

Shari’a Compliant Transactions

Introduction

In the recent case of Re Victor River Ltd [2021] HKCFI 886, which concerns the winding-up of a foreign company, the Court of First Instance applied the long-developed three core requirements which must be satisfied before exercising discretionary jurisdiction of the Court. In particular, the Court discussed how the holding of shares in a delisted company may impact on the Court’s consideration of the three core requirements. 

Background

簡介

中國於 1986 年頒布《企業破產法》。《企業破產法》屬全國性法律,但只適用於企業清盤, 並不涵蓋自然人破產。中國首部個人破產法規《深圳經濟特區個人破產條例》(「該條例」) 於 2020 年 8 月 31 日頒布,並已於 2021 年 3 月 1 日生效。當局在草擬該條例時,參考了多個 市場經濟發展較為成熟的司法管轄區的法律,例如英國、美國、德國、日本、香港及台灣。該 條例旨在建立完整的現代化破產制度,讓誠實而不幸的債務人能夠從債務危機中解脫出來。

申請個人破產的準則 

根據該條例第二條,該條例適用於符合下列準則的自然人:

  1. 在深圳經濟特區居住;
  2. 連續三年繳納社會保險費;及
  3.  資產不足以清償全部債務或因生產經營、生活消費導致喪失清償債務能力。 

上述債務人應當清償債務或與債權人達成和解協議。如債務人符合以上準則但有未來可預期收 入,則可進行重整。債務人若已按照該條例展開個人破產程序,其配偶亦可提交個人破產申 請,無需符合關於居住地及社會保險費的準則。 

简介

中国于 1986 年颁布《企业破产法》。《企业破产法》属全国性法律,但只适用于企业清盘, 并不涵盖自然人破产。中国首部个人破产法规《深圳经济特区个人破产条例》(「该条例」) 于 2020 年 8 月 31 日颁布,并已于 2021 年 3 月 1 日生效。当局在草拟该条例时,参考了多个 市场经济发展较为成熟的司法管辖区的法律,例如英国、美国、德国、日本、香港及台湾。该 条例旨在建立完整的现代化破产制度,让诚实而不幸的债务人能够从债务危机中解脱出来。

申请个人破产的准则

根据该条例第二条,该条例适用于符合下列准则的自然人:

  1. 在深圳经济特区居住;
  2. 连续三年缴纳社会保险费;及
  3. 资产不足以清偿全部债务或因生产经营、生活消费导致丧失清偿债务能力。

上述债务人应当清偿债务或与债权人达成和解协议。如债务人符合以上准则但有未来可预期收 入,则可进行重整。债务人若已按照该条例展开个人破产程序,其配偶亦可提交个人破产申 请,无需符合关于居住地及社会保险费的准则。

简介

债务偿还安排计划是一个重组公司债务的方法,让公司与其债权人或任何类别债权人订立安排 或达成妥协。在香港,香港法例第 622 章《公司条例》第 13 部规管有关安排及妥协。法院可 下令债权人就拟议订立的安排或妥协举行会议,并可在其后认许某安排或妥协,前提是在出席 该会议且有投票的债权人中,占当中价值最少 75%的过半数债权人或类别债权人同意该安排 或妥协。

在英国,《2006 年公司法》第 26 部列出有关债务偿还安排计划的相关规定。最近在英国 Port Finance Investment Limited [2021] EWHC 378 (Ch) 一案中,英国高等法院重申有关更改针对 第三方之权利及类别组合的原则。

背景

In a recent decision, the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York held that a purported debt held by an entity with a near-majority membership interest in the Debtor was actually equity disguised as a loan.

Background

In a recent decision, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit closed the door on triangular setoffs, ruling that the mutuality requirement under Section 553 of the Bankruptcy Code must be strictly construed and requires that the debt and claim sought to be setoff must be between the same two parties. In re: Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., No. 20-1136 (3d. Cir. 2021).

Background